The development of MMN

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Risto Näätänen ◽  
Teija Kujala ◽  
Gregory Light
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
School Age ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Sound Changes ◽  
Infant Brain ◽  
The Brain

The brain can detect sound changes very early on, even prenatally. Both positively and negatively displaced responses to deviant stimuli have been found in infancy, with the majority of studies reporting, however, positive mismatch responses (MMR) in infants within the first few months of life. Besides neural development, stimulation parameters may influence polarity. The positively displaced MMR develops towards the adult-like MMN between the ages of 3 and 9 months, there being a wide inter-individual variation in this development. From school age onwards, sound changes elicit MMNs with negative polarities fairly systematically. The MMN peak latency becomes shorter with development, similar to other event-related potential components, which is consistent with the development of myelination. MMN/MMR studies have illuminated auditory abilities and learning mechanisms in infants, suggesting, for example, that the infant brain can extract information on the regularities of sound input and foetuses can form long-lasting memory traces.

Neurological disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-152
Author(s):  
Risto Näätänen ◽  
Teija Kujala ◽  
Gregory Light
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
The Brain

The MMN amplitude is decreased and/or peak latency prolonged in a large number of different neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, brain lesions, cochlear lesions, chronic pain, or tinnitus. This is to a great extent due to a decreased brain plasticity affecting the formation of memory traces for different sensory stimuli essential for different cognitive operations of the brain. Furthermore, MMN can serve as a measure of recovery or neural reorganization in different neurological disorders. For example, the recovery from aphasic symptoms after stroke was associated with the enhancement of MMN. MMN has also been useful in determining neural plastic changes of the auditory system associated with cochlear implantation.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNA in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1763-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Wen Wang ◽  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Zhong-Song Shi
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Cerebral Ischemic ◽  
Functional Rnas ◽  
The Brain

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. NcRNAs include microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs. They are highly expressed in the brain and are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cerebral ischemic injury, neurodegeneration, neural development, and plasticity. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) occurs when brain blood flow stops, and that stoppage results in reduced oxygen and glucose supply to cells in the brain. In this article, we review the latest progress on ncRNAs in relation to their implications in AIS, as well as their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We also review ncRNAs acting as possible therapeutic targets in future precision medicine. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of current challenges and future directions for ncRNAs studies in AIS, which may facilitate the translation of ncRNAs research into clinical practice to improve clinical outcome of AIS.

scholarly journals Generation of Vascularized Brain Organoids to Study Neurovascular Interactions

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Ge Luo ◽  
Xin-Yao Sun ◽  
Xiang-Chun Ju ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Peng-Ming Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Neurovascular Interactions ◽  
The Brain

The recently developed brain organoids have been used to recapitulate the processes of brain development and related diseases. However, the lack of vasculatures, which regulate neurogenesis, brain disorders, and aging process, limits the utility of brain organoids. In this study, we induced vessel and brain organoids respectively, and then fused two types of organoids together to obtain vascularized brain organoids. The fused brain organoids were engrafted with robust vascular network-like structures, and exhibited increased number of neural progenitors, in line with the possibility that vessels regulate neural development. Fusion organoids also contained functional blood-brain-barrier (BBB)-like structures, as well as microglial cells, a specific population of immune cells in the brain. The incorporated microglia responded actively to immune stimuli to the fused brain organoids. Thus, the fusion organoids established in this study allow modeling interactions between the neuronal and non-neuronal components in vitro, in particular the vasculature and microglia niche.

scholarly journals Decreased P2 Waveform Reflects Impaired Brain Executive Function Induced by 12 h of Low Homeostatic Sleep Pressure: Evidence From an Event-Related Potential Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingjing Zeng ◽  
Haijing Wu ◽  
Jialu Li ◽  
Haiteng Wang ◽  
Songyue Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
The Impact

Homeostatic sleep pressure can cause cognitive impairment, in which executive function is the most affected. Previous studies have mainly focused on high homeostatic sleep pressure (long-term sleep deprivation); thus, there is still little related neuro-psycho-physiological evidence based on low homeostatic sleep pressure (12 h of continuous wakefulness) that affects executive function. This study aimed to investigate the impact of lower homeostatic sleep pressure on executive function. Our study included 14 healthy young male participants tested using the Go/NoGo task in normal resting wakefulness (10:00 am) and after low homeostatic sleep pressure (10:00 pm). Behavioral data (response time and accuracy) were collected, and electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded simultaneously, using repeated measures analysis of variance for data analysis. Compared with resting wakefulness, the participants’ response time to the Go stimulus was shortened after low homeostatic sleep pressure, and the correct response rate was reduced. Furthermore, the peak amplitude of Go–P2 decreased significantly, and the peak latency did not change significantly. For NoGo stimulation, the peak amplitude of NoGo–P2 decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the peak latency was significantly extended (p < 0.05). Thus, the P2 wave is likely related to the attention and visual processing and reflects the early judgment of the perceptual process. Therefore, the peak amplitude of Go–P2 and NoGo–P2 decreased, whereas the peak latency of NoGo–P2 increased, indicating that executive function is impaired after low homeostatic sleep pressure. This study has shown that the P2 wave is a sensitive indicator that reflects the effects of low homeostatic sleep pressure on executive function, and that it is also an important window to observe the effect of homeostatic sleep pressure and circadian rhythm on cognitive function.

Aging

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Risto Näätänen ◽  
Teija Kujala ◽  
Gregory Light
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

This chapter shows that MMN and its magnetoencephalographic (MEG) equivalent MMNm are sensitive indices of aging-related perceptual and cognitive decline. Importantly, the age-related neural changes are associated with a decrease of general brain plasticity, i.e. that of the ability of the brain to form and maintain sensory-memory traces, a necessary basis for veridical perception and appropriate cognitive brain function. MMN/MMNm to change in stimulus duration is particularly affected by aging, suggesting the increased vulnerability of temporal processing to brain aging and accounting, for instance, for a large part of speech-perception difficulties of the aged beyond the age-related peripheral hearing loss.

scholarly journals Treatment of fear memories: interactions between extinction and reconsolidation

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália G. Fiorenza ◽  
Dagieli Sartor ◽  
Jociane C. Myskiw ◽  
Iván Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Traumatic Stress Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dependent Processes

Retrieval labilizes memory traces and these gates two protein synthesis-dependent processes in the brain: extinction, which inhibits further retrieval, and reconsolidation, which may enhance retrieval or change its content. Extinction may itself suffer reconsolidation. Interactions among these processes may be applied to treatments of fear memories, such as those underlying post-traumatic stress disorders.

scholarly journals STDP Forms Associations between Memory Traces in Networks of Spiking Neurons

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 952-968
Author(s):  
Christoph Pokorny ◽  
Matias J Ison ◽  
Arjun Rao ◽  
Robert Legenstein ◽  
Christos Papadimitriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Recurrent Networks ◽  
Neural Codes ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Excitability Of Neurons ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Memory traces and associations between them are fundamental for cognitive brain function. Neuron recordings suggest that distributed assemblies of neurons in the brain serve as memory traces for spatial information, real-world items, and concepts. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding neural codes for associated memory traces. Some studies suggest the emergence of overlaps between assemblies during an association, while others suggest that the assemblies themselves remain largely unchanged and new assemblies emerge as neural codes for associated memory items. Here we study the emergence of neural codes for associated memory items in a generic computational model of recurrent networks of spiking neurons with a data-constrained rule for spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The model depends critically on 2 parameters, which control the excitability of neurons and the scale of initial synaptic weights. By modifying these 2 parameters, the model can reproduce both experimental data from the human brain on the fast formation of associations through emergent overlaps between assemblies, and rodent data where new neurons are recruited to encode the associated memories. Hence, our findings suggest that the brain can use both of these 2 neural codes for associations, and dynamically switch between them during consolidation.

scholarly journals The Behavioral and ERP Responses to Self- and Other- Referenced Adjectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Alexander Savostyanov ◽  
Andrey Bocharov ◽  
Tatiana Astakhova ◽  
Sergey Tamozhnikov ◽  
Alexander Saprygin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Emotional Appraisal ◽  
Cortical Localization ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Healthy Participants

The aim was to investigate behavioral reactions and event-related potential (ERP) responses in healthy participants under conditions of personalized attribution of emotional appraisal vocabulary to one-self or to other people. One hundred and fifty emotionally neutral, positive and negative words describing people’s traits were used. Subjects were asked to attribute each word to four types of people: one-self, loved, unpleasant and neutral person. The reaction time during adjectives attribution to one-self and a loved person was shorter than during adjectives attribution to neutral and unpleasant people. Self-related adjectives induced higher amplitudes of the N400 ERP peak in the medial cortical areas in comparison with adjectives related to other people. The amplitude of P300 and P600 depended on the emotional valence of assessments, but not on the personalized attribution. The interaction between the attribution effect and the effect of emotional valence of assessments was observed for the N400 peak in the left temporal area. The maximal amplitude of N400 was revealed under self-attributing of emotionally positive adjectives. Our results supported the hypothesis that the emotional valence of assessments and the processing of information about one-self or others were related to the brain processes that differ from each other in a cortical localization or time dynamics.

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