scholarly journals CONDITIONING OF ENERGU CROPS FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ēriks Kronbergs ◽  
Mareks Šmits
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Solid Biofuel

The main steps of rural policy to the development of renewable energy resources are energy crop production. Latvia can provide for the use of approximately 0.36 million ha of the unused now agricultural land for herbaceous energy crop growing. More than 230 million tones of peat are available for solid biofuel production. Peat is recomended as additive because it improves density and burning properties of herbaceous material solid biofuel. Herbaceous stalk material can be harvested in winter season with humidity less than 15% and used for compacting without drying. The aim of experimental investigation is to determine conditioning methods for solid biofuel production with minimum energy consumption. Common reed stalk material is used for experiments, because it experimentally stated ultimate tensile strength is 256 ± 27 N mm-2. This value testifies that common reeds are twice strongest material than cereal crop stalk materials and conditioning mechanization equipment of common reeds would be useful for other energy crops.

scholarly journals Biomass Properties for Mechanization of Conditioning Processes

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Ē. Kronbergs ◽  
M. Šmits
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Oil Fuel

Substitution of fossil feedstock for energy and raw materials by biomass is important measure for GHG emission mitigation. Development of energy crop production and agricultural residue utilisation for energy are important goals of the rural policy. As chemical fertiliser production and usage corresponds to the consumption of oil fuel, biomass usage directly for energy production or as fertiliser are activities with equal importance. The main rural resources for biomass eco-technologies in Latvia are cereal straw residues, energy crops, emergent vegetation and peat from wetlands and sediments from lakes. Wide range of biomass properties cause necessity of appropriate mechanization equipment for biomass conditioning accordingly collection, conversion and usage technologies. The ecosystem approach means taking into account the interrelationships among land, air water and all living organisms including humans for mechanization equipment design of biomass technologies. Complex mechanisation of biomass technologies is based on implementation of ecosystem approach and investigation of properties of biomass in conditioning processes. For solid biofuel production densification properties of chopped stalk materials with different additives (peat, rapeseed cake) had been determined.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa) Biomass

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Andris Kronbergs ◽  
Elgars Širaks ◽  
Aleksandrs Adamovičs ◽  
Ēriks Kronbergs
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystem ◽  
Mass Unit ◽  
Cutting Energy ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Solid Biofuel

In Latvia approximately of 14.6% of unfarmed agricultural land can be used for herbaceous energy crop growing. Herbaceous energy crops would be as the main basis for solid biofuel production in agricultural ecosystem in future. Herbaceous energy crops as hemp (Cannabis sativa) are grown in recent years and can be used for solid biofuel production. Experimentally stated hemp stalk material ultimate tensile strength the medium value is 85 ± 9 N mm-2. The main conditioning operation before preparation of herbaceous biomass compositions for solid biofuel production is shredding. Therefore hemp stalks were used for cutting experiments. Cutting using different types of knives mechanisms had been investigated. Specific shear cutting energy for hemp samples were within 0.02 – 0.04 J mm-2. Hemp stalk material density was determined using AutoCAD software for cross-section area calculation. Density values are 325 ± 18 kg m-3 for hemp stalks. Specific cutting energy per mass unit was calculated on basis of experimentally estimated values of cutting energy and density.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF SOLID BIOFUELS FROM GRAIN PROCESSING WASTES

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
A. Makarynska ◽  
T. Turpurova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
European Standards

The article is devoted to the issues of solid biofuel production. The classification of biomass used in the production of solid biofuels by origin is given. The main types of grain waste in the southern region for the production of solid biofuels are identified.The article analyzes the soybean market in the world and Ukraine, shows the trend of growing soybean production, which is caused by the growing demand for food and feed purposes. Soybean yield indicators in Ukraine are analyzed and it is found that Kherson region is one of the leaders of soybean yields for 2019. It is shown that in soybean cultivation in Ukraine a considerable amount of secondary resource is obtained - straw, as a by-product of crop production. It is established that the average yield of rice of Kherson region prevails in Ukraine, a large amount of rice husk is formed during processing of raw rice. Physico-mechanical properties of rice husk and soybean straw have been determined. The possibility of production of fuel briquettes from the waste was considered, technological scheme of production of fuel briquettes from waste, which are formed at the enterprises of processing industry and by-products of crop production is given. The technology of production of fuel briquettes from soy straw and rice husk was introduced at the enterprise of Kherson region, which is engaged in cultivation and processing of soybeans and rice. Quality indicators of fuel briquettes were determined: humidity, ash, sulfur, carbon content, volatile matter yield and specific combustion heat. It is established that the quality of fuel pellets is significantly influenced by humidity, degree of grinding and physical and chemical properties of raw materials. When the moisture content of raw materials more than 14% decreases the density of the granules and, due to the evaporation of moisture, cracks appear in the granules, which reduce their strength. With the reduction of the average particle size of the biomass to 2 mm, the quality of the fuel products increases, but the fine fraction of the biomass of the matrix is erased. The heat of combustion of the obtained solid briquettes exceeds the normative values of European standards at a level not lower than 18 MJ / kg. Ash content (0.5 %), normalized by European standards, is practically unavailable for Ukrainian producers, fuel briquettes made from soy straw and husks have higher normalized ash values in accordance with 7.0 and 14.0 %, which reduces their quality indicators.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Uncertainty in Land Use Conversion for Perennial Energy Crop Production: Exploring Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services Policies

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (02) ◽  
pp. 328-358
Author(s):  
Xiaogu Li ◽  
Katherine Y. Zipp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Chesapeake Bay Watershed ◽  
Nitrogen Runoff ◽  
Perennial Energy Crops

Perennial energy crops like switchgrass that are used for biofuel production have the potential to generate various water quality benefits such as reduced nitrogen runoff. Yet the current expected returns to switchgrass are not profitable enough for these crops to be widely adopted by U.S. farmers due to relatively unstable yields, volatile revenues, and high costs of crop establishment. This study uses a dynamic economic model to investigate the uncertainties in the yields and costs of switchgrass production, in comparison with those of corn-soybeans in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed in Pennsylvania. Results indicate that farmers would be willing to convert corn-soybeans to switchgrass land use with the provision of payments for ecosystem services (PES). A targeted PES policy based on the environmental effectiveness of the crop land is found to be slightly more effective in providing nitrogen reductions than a uniform PES policy with cost savings of 8–19%. Moreover, switchgrass has the potential of providing energy supply while reducing greenhouse gases emissions.

scholarly journals Optimization of the main parameters of the support-lump-breaking coil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1 (110)) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Timur Nurimbetov ◽  
Sukhrob Umarov ◽  
Zulfiya Khafizova ◽  
Sarsengaliy Bayjanov ◽  
Orinbay Nazarbaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Elastic Rods ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Agricultural land plays an important role in ensuring food security and employment in rural areas. For many years, the planned economy has forced Uzbekistan to grow water-intensive crops, which has led to declining land productivity and increased crop yields. In a market economy, new innovative technologies are in high demand not only in agriculture but also in other sectors. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, our research has found it necessary to set goals and objectives. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the parameters of frontal plowing slope, which provides high-quality execution of the technological process in accordance with the agro-technical requirements with minimum energy consumption without furrow plowing, agrotechnical and energy performance of variable frontal forks. The following results were achieved by performing the tasks identified in the study: a – humidity V=16–17 % and load conditions with elastic rods of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm; b – humidity V=13–14 % and the diameter of elastic rods is 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm; c – humidity V=9–10 % and the diameter of the elastic rods is 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm. The experiments were performed on lumps with different humidity conditions: 9–10 %, 13–14 % and 16–17 %. The speed of the installation was 1.0 m/s. The recommended technology was to destroy soil fragments with a moisture content of 16–17 % at a vertical load of 400 N with 3, 4 and 5 mm elastic rods at 86.6, 81.5, 75.1 %, respectively, and the vertical load equal to 1,000 N – 94.4, 89.2, 81.2 %, respectively

scholarly journals The significance of nitrous oxide emission due to cropping of grain for biofuel production: a Swedish perspective

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 3581-3591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Å. Kasimir Klemedtsson ◽  
K. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. The current regulations governing production of biofuels in the European Union require that they have to mitigate climate change, by producing >35% less greenhouse gases (GHG) than fossil fuels. There is a risk that this may not be achievable, since land use for crop production inevitably emits the potent GHG nitrous oxide (N2O), due to nitrogen fertilisation and cycling in the environment. We analyse first-generation biofuel production on agricultural land and conclude that efficient agricultural crop production resulting in a good harvest and low N2O emission can fulfil the EU standard, and is possible under certain conditions for the Swedish agricultural and bioethanol production systems. However, in years having low crop yields, and where cropping is on organic soils, total GHG emissions per unit of fuel produced can be even higher than those released by burning of fossil fuels. In general, the N2O emission size in Sweden and elsewhere in northern Europe is such that there is a >50% chance that the 35% saving requirement will not be met. Thus ecosystem N2O emissions have to be convincingly assessed. Here we compare Swedish emission data with values estimated by means of statistical models and by a global, top-down, approach; the measurements and the predictions often show higher values that would fail to meet the EU standard and thus prevent biofuel production development.

Compacting Mechanisms of Common Reed Particles

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Repsa ◽  
E. Kronbergs ◽  
M. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Important Quality

The paper present experimental investigation results of common reeds (Phragmites australis) particle compacting in closed die. Common reeds are important natural biomass resource in Latvia. Compacting of biomass is very complicated process for solid biofuel production and there are many factors influencing to this process. The quality parameters of compacted biomass are described by European countries standards for solid biofuel. Density is the most important quality parameter of biomass compacting. The paper present results of common reeds particles compacting mechanism in closed die. Maximum pressure 212 MPa had been achieved in compacting. For compacting process evaluation has been determined pressing energy and density of briquettes. The minimum of density 0.87 g cm-3 have briquettes with particle size 12 – 13 mm, but maximum density 1.03 – 1.04 g cm-3 two particle sizes < 0.5 mm and 32 – 33 mm briquettes. Maximum value of energy consumption for compacting (~172 kJ kg-1) has been obtained for reed particle size 32 – 33 mm, minimum value (~53 kJ kg-1) for particle size less than 0.5 mm.

scholarly journals HERBACEOUS BIOMASS SHREDDING FOR BIOFUEL COMPOSITIONS

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Eriks Kronbergs ◽  
Mareks Smits
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Material Particle ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Friction Energy ◽  
The Eu

The 2003 reform o f the EU Common agricultural policy stimulates farmers to grow more energy crops, including short rotation coppice and other perennial crops. Peat can be used as additive for manufacturing o f solid biofuel, because it improves density, durability o f stalk material briquettes (pellets) and avoid corrosion o f boilers. For these reason herbaceous biomass compositions with peat fo r solid biofuel production is recommended. The main conditioning operation before biomass compacting is shredding. It was stated that common reed stalk material particle size reduction during cutting (shredding) process increased energy consumption very significantly. The calculation o f energy consumption fo r common reed cutting to sizes 0.6 and 0.5 mm was giving results 31.3 k J kg'1 and 43.5 k J kg'1. The shredder cutter bar has to be designed with friction energy losses decreased to minimum. This aim can to be realized by reducing o f area o f cutter bar knives moving into stalk biomass and minimizing biomass pressure (Patent LV13447) on cutter bar.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document