THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION TREATMENTS OF FEED CONCENTRATE PRODUCED FROM WASTE OF CEREAL PRODUCTION ON ITS BIOLOGICAL VALUE AND EFFICIENCY IN THE COMPOSITION OF COMPOUND FEED FOR CARP

The following article presents a new raw component in compound feed for carp – feed concentrate produced from cereal production waste. The feed concentrate is based on several types of cereal fodder meal - wheat, pea, barley, as well as wheat bran and unshelled oat grain. The feed concentrate is balanced according to the needs of carp and can be used as feed for carp instead of wheat grain or as a part of compound feed for carp. Heat-moisture processing of compound feed before extrusion is one of the main stages that further ensure the stability of technological processes and the final quality of the feed concentrate. The amino acid composition was determined at various temperatures of the feed concentrate after heat-moisture treatment of + 40, 60, 70 and 80º С at a constant moisture content of the concentrate of +282° С. Amino acid score has been calculated for feed concentrates that have been exposed to various heat treatments. The amino score was calculated in relation to the carp's need for essential amino acids. It was found that an increase in the temperature of the concentrate during heat-moisture treatment leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids. For example, the total content of methionine and cysteine in the composition of the feed concentrate at a temperature of +75° C was 0.46%, with the minimum allowable total content of these amino acids in the composition of feed 0,5%. Heat-moisture treatment at a product temperature above +75° C leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids and the biological value of the feed concentrate.The process of extrusion of feed concentrate from waste of cereal production has been studied. The glucose content in the feed concentrate was studied at various extrusion modes. The glucose content indicates the degree of modification of the starch during the extrusion process, and the more glucose the product contains, the better it is absorbed by the carp. When extruded with an increase in temperature, the starch passes into a viscous-flowing (gelatinized) state, forming a so-called melt, the cooling of which also leads to the formation of a three-dimensional gel network. The feed concentrate granule becomes monolithic in structure; it becomes quite hard and can harm the intestines of carp. Therefore, it contains wheat bran in an amount of 1%, as a component that is able to weaken the feed concentrate granule. The degree of starch destruction in the composition of the extruded feed concentrate with the addition of wheat bran reached its maximum and the granule became porous, its hardness decreased. It was detected that when the temperature of the feed concentrate after extrusion rises above +100°C, the biological value of the feed concentrate decreases, and it becomes unbalanced in the content of such essential amino acids as lysine, threonine, methionine and cysteine. Therefore, the optimum product temperature after extrusion is +90-100˚C.The effectiveness of extruded feed concentrate was determined in the composition of granulated feed for two- and threeyear-old carp. The feed ratio of the compound feed containing the feed concentrate was 0.9 units, which is 64% lower than of the control compound feed, which includes a non-extruded grain group that is not balanced in terms of carp needs.

ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE THE OPERATING AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMBINED GRAIN WASHING MACHINE

Washing machines are used in the production lines of grain cleaning departments of flour mills for thorough cleaning of the grain surface, in particular, its grooves from the remnants of organic and mineral dust, microorganisms and mold. In addition, the grain mass during washing is cleaned of hydrodynamically light and heavy impurities - chaff, seeds of waste plants, straw fragments, mineral particles in the form of sand, small stones, lumps of earth, as well as spores and wormwood seeds. At the same time, foreign odors of grain disappear.Experience in the operation of Ж9-БМА machines shows that along with many advantages, they have some disadvantages. In particular, the productivity of the machine 10 t / h does not correspond to the productivity of the conjugated technological equipment of the production line, and the specific water consumption for washing grain is 1.8… 2.0 l / kg, which is too much in modern conditions of acute shortage of drinking water. Enterprises to abandon the use of washing machines. In addition, certain problems and inconveniences are caused by the design of the sieve shell of the impression column. Stamped sieves with scaly asymmetric holes have a low coefficient of living cross section, which complicates the process of dehydration of washed grain, quickly corrode and rub, require special attention during installation or replacement. Therefore, an attempt is made to eliminate these shortcomings.In particular, the reduction of water consumption is achieved due to the elimination of the grain hydraulic conveyor during its transfer from the washing bath to the pressure column. For this purpose, a device for mechanical overloading of grain by a rotary bucket device located within the alloy chamber is used. At the same time, attention was paid to the separation of light organic impurities from the grain. This decision needs further explanation.The functional diagram shows that the initial grain mixture enters the receiving device, which feeds it with a minimum vertical speed into the ascending water streams created by the screws of two grain augers rotating with the same frequency in the opposite direction. The augers pick up the grain and, keeping it afloat in a suspended state, mix it with the water of the washing bath. At the same time the grain is washed and particles are separated from it, which differ from it in terms of density: mineral impurities begin to sink, fall down and through the longitudinal slit in the auger trough fall into the area of the auger for mineral impurities. This auger transports the "stones" in the opposite direction to the funnel with the ejector of the hydrotransporter of mineral particles. Light impurities, during the transportation of grain by grain augers, float to the surface of the water, the level of which in the washing bath is maintained up to the axis of the augers. Together with grain and water, these impurities are pushed out of the bath into the alloy chamber.In the chamber, in the transverse direction, a pipe with a longitudinal absorption slot is installed, the lower edge of which is immersed in water so that the upper layer of water merges into this slot together with light impurities that have surfaced in the washing bath. The amount of water that fuses light impurities can be adjusted by the depth of immersion in water of the lower edge of the absorption hole. To do this, the pipe is rotated relative to its axis with a special handle with a clamp and a pointing scale. One end of the pipe is closed by a plug, and the other passes through a hole in the wall and drains the water with light impurities into the sink sump. The described device provides almost complete removal of light impurities and minimal consumption of floating water. This solution is in the invention according to the copyright certificate 701708404, developed by specialists of the department TOZV. In addition, certain problems and inconveniences are caused by the design of the sieve shell of the squeezing column. Dirt particles tend to stick to the outer surface of the sieve cylinder and block its holes. This can slow down and even stop the separation of water by centrifugation. Therefore, the upper outer surface of the cylinder is washed with water, which in automatic mode is periodically fed to the sieve by the control device and the solenoid valve. It also saves water.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEED PRODUCTION FOR FUR ANIMALS

The article considers the species of fur animals bred in Ukraine. The volumes of fur production and the number of animal farms in the world and Ukraine are analyzed, of which Denmark, China and Poland are in the top three. The share in the total volume of fur production in Ukraine is only 1%. Domestic enterprises for breeding fur animals, which keep about 700 thousand minks in industrial conditions, are considered.The structure of the gastrointestinal tract of carnivorous and herbivorous fur animals, their consumption of nutrients and biologically active substances in feed were analyzed. Features of feeding fur animals are determined by the seasonality of vital functions, which determines changes in metabolism and nutritional value of feed. The importance of access to fresh drinking water in the diets of carnivorous fur animals is considered.The necessity of production of compound feeds for fur animals, which meet the norms of feeding and restrictions on the introduction of components, is substantiated.The need of fur-bearing animals in nutrients and biologically active substances for the production of high-quality nutritious compound feeds, for obtaining high-quality shine and density of fur, better digestibility by the body is shown. The ratios of digestible nutrients in the diets of minks of domestic and Scandinavian breeds are given, the percentage of metabolic energy in different feeding periods is given. The low percentage of compound feed production for fur farming is substantiated.Types of compound feeds and their advantages are presented. Technological methods of production of compound feeds for fur animals such as extrusion, expansion and granulation with the introduction of fat into the press granulator are analyzed. Finished feed should be solid and have a granule size of 4.5… 5 mm for grinding cutters, with high nutritional properties and biological value, and improved sanitation. Thanks to modern technologies, harmful microflora is disinfected and shelf life is increased.The state of domestic feed mills for the production of quality feed for fur animals is analyzed. Thanks to the emergence of new recipes and compliance with feeding standards, the technology of compound feed production for fur farming is being improved.

7th Session of the International School of Feed

On July 5-10, 2021 in Odessa, the Seventh Session of the International School of Feed "The art of improving the technology, safety and quality of compound feed" was already held with great success. The organizer of the event was the Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies, the Association "Union of Ukrainian Feed Producers", with the support of the "Club of Young Scientists ONAFT".

RESEARCH OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GRAIN RECEPTION LINE OPERATION FROM AUTO TRANSPORT AT THE PROCUREMENT PRODUCTION GRAIN ELEVATOR

The results of the study of the characteristics of the technological line for grain reception from auto transport at the procurement production grain elevator of LLC ―Agricultural Enterprise ―Vesna 21‖ are presented. In the process of research, the quantitative and qualitative composition, volumes and duration of the harvesting periods of early and late crops, the quantitative and qualitative composition and characteristics of auto transport delivering grain to the enterprise were determined; the most intensive supply of early and late crops, as well as the actual coefficients of daily irregularity of their supply by auto transport.It is shown that the enterprise in 2017-2019 traditionally received such early crops as wheat of 2-6 classes and rapeseed of the highest and 1st class. Late crops were represented by corn (3rd class and non-class) and soybeans (non-standard and extruded). The volumes of harvesting of the corn and wheat (main crops)for the indicated years correlated, respectively (%) 49.2:41.2; 60.1: 24.9 and 66.1:17.1, which indicates a tendency for a significant increase in the supply of late crops, especially corn grain. The ratio between early and late crops for 2017–2019 was 45:55, 24:76 and 20:80, respectively (%).The monthly grain flow to the grain elevator was rather irregular. Most of the grain was received from July to December, when the periods of harvesting of early and late crops coincide, and especially in the autumn months, in September, October and November, up to 32.9 %, less – in the off-season from January to June, to 12.3 %. All the same, a lot of grain in percentage terms was received in November 2017 and October 2018 – 32.9 % each.An analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of cars that delivered grain to the procurement and production elevator in 2017-2019 showed that the carrying capacity of the vehicles ranged from 3 ... 51 tons. In 2017, 80.9% of all grain received by the enterprise was delivered by 2771 vehicles (cars) with a carrying capacity of 20 ... 40 tons, which amounted to 82.4 % of their annual quantity. In 2018, these indicators were as follows – 87.2 % of grain was delivered by 84.5% of vehicles of the same carrying capacity, and in 2019 – 93.4 % of grain was delivered by 93.0 % of the same vehicles. In the years studied, there was a tendency to an increase in the share of more heavy-duty vehicles (35...40 t). However, the number of vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 40 tons, delivering significant volumes of grain, has significantly decreased, which is associated with the legislative limitation of the vehicles weight. The optimal carrying capacity in terms of the ratio of the mass of the delivered grain: the number of vehicles, taking into account legal restrictions, can be recommended 35...40 tons.The main characteristics of the reception of an early and late crops at the procurement and production elevator, respectively, for 2017-2018 were the following values: the duration of the arrival of early crops, days - 126, 119 and 97, late – 142, 145 and 240; harvesting period of early crops, days – 73, 88 and 68, late crops – 86, 78 and 57; the most intensive supply of early crops, t/day – 8378, 596 and 1428, late crops 1966, 1576 and 1909; actual coefficients of grain reception irregularity by auto transport of early crops – 6.3; 2.2 and 3.6, late – 2.5, 2.4 and 2.9, which exceeds the standard values of 1.6 and should be taken into account when improving the operation of the grain reception line.

BIOTECHNOLOGY OF SOYA MULTI-COMPONENT FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS

The materials of the article present analytical and scientific-practical results of research of soy multi-component functional ingredients. Soy extract (or soy milk) is a valuable and cheap source of protein and other nutritious and biologically active components, like lipids, vitamins, mineral elements, isoflavones, flavonoids, saponins etc. But the presence of indigestible oligosaccharides and a bean flavor limit the consumption of soy milk. The soy oligosaccharides are known to be prebiotic for intestinal microbiota, particularly for probiotic microorganisms that hydrolyze them with the enzyme α-galactosidase. Isoflavones are known as phytoestrogens since they are similar to human estrogen in structure and function, and are recommended to prevent many hormonedependent diseases. In soy beans and unfermented soy products, isoflavones are present mainly as biologically inactive glycoside conjugates. Biologically active aglycones of soy isoflavones are substances that are assimilated by human organism from soy products faster and in higher amounts than their corresponding glycosides. The members of intestinal microbiota are predicted to play an important role also in the metabolism and bioavailability of isoflavones since they, synthesizing β-glycosidase, cause hydrolysis of glycoside components, thus releasing the bioavailable and biologically active form of aglycone. In this work, we estimated the potential of some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains to synthesize α-galactosidase and β-glycosidase, and to reduce respectively the amount of galactooligosaccharides and to convert isoflavones into their active forms, when growing in soy milk. Simultaneously, the profile of soy milk fermentation by the chosen probiotics was studied, as well as the proteolytic activity and accumulation of lactic acid by those probiotics, i. e. the possibility to produce soy-based polyfunctional fermented food products was investigated.

IT SERVICE OF THE MODERNIZED GRAIN MOISTURIZING MACHINE

The purpose of this work is to increase the efficiency of the grain humidifier, which is part of the system for preparing grain for grinding, ensuring the reliability of machines, its productivity, reducing energy consumption and improving the quality of the finished product. products by introducing automation based on SMART technology, defined as self-monitoring and reporting technology.SMART technology is inextricably linked with a monitoring and data collection system designed to monitor and automatically manage a large number of remote, geographically dispersed sites. In addition, this system provides long-term archiving of the received data, which allows the dispatcher to monitor the operation of the relevant equipment, responding with an IT service program.A remote automated monitoring and control system for the production line on which the dampening machine is installed ensures optimum performance. Rotary machines for grain moistening are considered. At flour mills, as well as at other enterprises, such machines are used at the stage of main moistening and for additional moistening before feeding the grain to the grinding workshop. A1-BShU-2 machines are designed for basic grain moistening.Humidifiers are installed in front of the grain bins in the production lines of the preparatory departments of flour mills to remove excess moisture.At the same time, machines for washing grain and, accordingly, all equipment for treating wastewater and treated waste can be excluded from the technological schemes of enterprises, therefore, an urgent task is to increase productivity. Air humidifier A1-BShU-2 by improving the design of the working body and automation of the machine. generally.In this regard, it is necessary to intensify the process of moistening the grain due to the optimal location of the blades for moving the grain (races) and mixing (whips) on the shaft of the working body, apply a drive motor speed control system using a frequency converter.The article shows ways to improve the performance of a humidifier, as well as issues of control and management of the optimal mode of its operation. For example, Table 1 is presented in the form of a layout, which shows in what form the information can be provided to the operator and stored in the archive.

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF QUINO GRAIN - THE MAIN STAGES OF JUSTIFICATION OF STORAGE AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

The work is devoted to determining the physical and technological properties of quinoa grain. Quinoa is an unconventional crop for Ukraine, but experiments on its cultivation have been successfully completed in the Sumy region. Due to its unique chemical composition, quinoa is used in dietary and functional products.Quinoa contains about 20% protein, which makes it an excellent dietary supplement for people who do not eat animal products. The amino acid composition of quinoa proteins is very balanced and is characterized by a high content of such essential amino acids. Feature of the fatty acid composition of quinoa. it has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linolenic fatty acid and linoleic, which belongs to the acids ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids.Due to the growing popularity of quinoa and its suitability for cultivation in our climatic and soil conditions, it is important to develop the technology of its storage and processing. One of the main stages of substantiation of the choice of technology for storage and processing of quinoa grain is to determine its physical and technological properties.Physical and technological properties of grain mass are determined by a large number of indicators.Determination of physical and technological properties of quinoa grain was performed for three types of quinoa: red, black and white. In determining the physical and mechanical properties were used methods approved by the relevant standards, or used in research and recommended in the relevant literature.We have identified the following basic physical and technological properties: geometric characteristics, nature, weight of 1000 grains, duty cycle, packing density, air supply, angle of natural slope, coefficient of internal friction, coefficient of external friction. Numerical values of these indicators for each type of quinoa are determined.Knowledge of the physical and technological properties of the grain mass to solve a large number of applied problems that have practical significance. and play an important role in the processes of moistening, heating and cooling of grain. A thorough study of physical and technological properties can provide optimal conditions for storage of seeds without compromising their quality. The obtained data can be used for selection of modes of cleaning, drying and active ventilation.

DETERMINATION OF THE INTERNAL POTENTIAL OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN COMPOUND FEED PRODUCTION

Grass flour is a unique protein-vitamin feed product, the role of which in animal feeding can hardly be overestimated. In 2010, the industry for the production of grass meal from alfalfa, for example, in Europe included 300 factories and 50 farms, which produced 4200 million tons of products. In Russia, the development of poultry and livestock farming has also increased the demand for this fodder and gradually restored its production. But in Ukraine, due to its high energy intensity, the production of herbal flour has almost ceased. It is shown that the fuel and energy balance of this technology that diesel fuel provides about 92.3% of all equipment needs for energy, and its cost is 90.8% of the total cost of all fuel and energy resources (FER). On the other hand, electricity accounts for only 7.7% of the total needs, and the costs of paying for it also serve 9.2% of the total costs of purchasing fuel and energy resources.The purpose of the work is to study the energy feasibility of using extrusion for dehydration of wet feed products during their complex processing in feed products. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the selection and calculation of the necessary technological equipment for the principle technological scheme of the production of feed products with the inclusion of wet forage grasses was carried out; an energy audit of the basic (traditional) and new technologies for the production of compound feed products with the inclusion of forage grasses was carried out. Since the new technology is recommended to be implemented at feed mills of small capacity due to the proximity of raw materials, it must be able to process forage grasses in an amount no less than the basic technology for the production of grass meal. The minimum capacity of the ABM-type drying unit for cooking is 0.65 t/h for grass meal (2.7 t/h for raw materials). Thus, an energy audit of the basic (traditional) and new technology for the production of mixed feed products with the inclusion of forage grasses was carried out and proved that as a result of the use of the extrusion process for the purpose of dehydration, the new technology becomes more energy efficient in comparison with the traditional technology of drying forage grasses and further production of products with the inclusion of grass flour, which means it is economically feasible, since there is a total saving of fuel and energy resources of 875 MJ/t or - in the amount of 514.18 UAH (44%).

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPOUND FEED RECIPES FOR GEESE AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR QUALITY

The article describes that goose farming is an important source of increasing poultry production and expanding the range of poultry products. In Ukraine, the goose breeding business is promising, profitable and underdeveloped, with low competition. The profitability of geese breeding is about 75%. In addition, goose farming is one of the possible ways to solve the problem of animal protein deficiency in the world.The high-quality calculation of recipes is a necessary part of efficient production and use of finished products at the present stage of the feed industry development.Optimization of compound feed recipes determines its composition and takes into account the impact of certain feed components on the physiology, health, growth and productivity of animals. Recipe calculation programs occupy a key place in the technological chain of animal husbandry production, combining producer and products consumer.The quality of the final product and the compliance of the calculated indicators of nutritional value with the actual depend on the accuracy of the recipes calculation and take into account all the destabilizing factors in the technological production process. Thanks to modern software optimization of recipes, it becomes possible not only to make a diet with available raw materials that is optimal in quality and cost, but also to assess the feasibility of introducing a particular additiv e, both from a biological and economic point of view.It is proven that geese must receive high quality and balanced feed by all indicators for the normal development and realization of genetic potential. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop recipes for high-quality geese feed using domestic available raw materials.With the help of the software package "Korm Optima Expert" we have developed complete feed recipes for parent flock geese aged 0… 3 weeks (starter), 4… 8 weeks (grower), 9… 26 weeks (finisher), older 27 weeks (breeder), and recipes for broiler type geese aged 0… 4 weeks (starter) and older 5 weeks (finisher). The program includes the principle of calcula ting recipes at the minimum cost, taking into account the limitations of the input of each component and the nutritional value of the finished product using linear programming formulas.Experimental samples of starter, grower, finisher and breeder were made in accordance with the developed recipes of complete feed for parent flock geese. Physical properties and chemical composition were studied in the experimental samples.It is established that the experimental samples of starter, grower, finisher and breeder are characterized by satisfactory physical properties and comply with regulatory and technical documentation. They are balanced in content of nutrients and biologically active substances and meet the physiological needs and feeding standards of the parent flock geese.