scholarly journals Biomass Properties for Mechanization of Conditioning Processes

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Ē. Kronbergs ◽  
M. Šmits
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Oil Fuel

Substitution of fossil feedstock for energy and raw materials by biomass is important measure for GHG emission mitigation. Development of energy crop production and agricultural residue utilisation for energy are important goals of the rural policy. As chemical fertiliser production and usage corresponds to the consumption of oil fuel, biomass usage directly for energy production or as fertiliser are activities with equal importance. The main rural resources for biomass eco-technologies in Latvia are cereal straw residues, energy crops, emergent vegetation and peat from wetlands and sediments from lakes. Wide range of biomass properties cause necessity of appropriate mechanization equipment for biomass conditioning accordingly collection, conversion and usage technologies. The ecosystem approach means taking into account the interrelationships among land, air water and all living organisms including humans for mechanization equipment design of biomass technologies. Complex mechanisation of biomass technologies is based on implementation of ecosystem approach and investigation of properties of biomass in conditioning processes. For solid biofuel production densification properties of chopped stalk materials with different additives (peat, rapeseed cake) had been determined.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF SOLID BIOFUELS FROM GRAIN PROCESSING WASTES

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
A. Makarynska ◽  
T. Turpurova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
European Standards

The article is devoted to the issues of solid biofuel production. The classification of biomass used in the production of solid biofuels by origin is given. The main types of grain waste in the southern region for the production of solid biofuels are identified.The article analyzes the soybean market in the world and Ukraine, shows the trend of growing soybean production, which is caused by the growing demand for food and feed purposes. Soybean yield indicators in Ukraine are analyzed and it is found that Kherson region is one of the leaders of soybean yields for 2019. It is shown that in soybean cultivation in Ukraine a considerable amount of secondary resource is obtained - straw, as a by-product of crop production. It is established that the average yield of rice of Kherson region prevails in Ukraine, a large amount of rice husk is formed during processing of raw rice. Physico-mechanical properties of rice husk and soybean straw have been determined. The possibility of production of fuel briquettes from the waste was considered, technological scheme of production of fuel briquettes from waste, which are formed at the enterprises of processing industry and by-products of crop production is given. The technology of production of fuel briquettes from soy straw and rice husk was introduced at the enterprise of Kherson region, which is engaged in cultivation and processing of soybeans and rice. Quality indicators of fuel briquettes were determined: humidity, ash, sulfur, carbon content, volatile matter yield and specific combustion heat. It is established that the quality of fuel pellets is significantly influenced by humidity, degree of grinding and physical and chemical properties of raw materials. When the moisture content of raw materials more than 14% decreases the density of the granules and, due to the evaporation of moisture, cracks appear in the granules, which reduce their strength. With the reduction of the average particle size of the biomass to 2 mm, the quality of the fuel products increases, but the fine fraction of the biomass of the matrix is erased. The heat of combustion of the obtained solid briquettes exceeds the normative values of European standards at a level not lower than 18 MJ / kg. Ash content (0.5 %), normalized by European standards, is practically unavailable for Ukrainian producers, fuel briquettes made from soy straw and husks have higher normalized ash values in accordance with 7.0 and 14.0 %, which reduces their quality indicators.

scholarly journals CONDITIONING OF ENERGU CROPS FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ēriks Kronbergs ◽  
Mareks Šmits
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Solid Biofuel

The main steps of rural policy to the development of renewable energy resources are energy crop production. Latvia can provide for the use of approximately 0.36 million ha of the unused now agricultural land for herbaceous energy crop growing. More than 230 million tones of peat are available for solid biofuel production. Peat is recomended as additive because it improves density and burning properties of herbaceous material solid biofuel. Herbaceous stalk material can be harvested in winter season with humidity less than 15% and used for compacting without drying. The aim of experimental investigation is to determine conditioning methods for solid biofuel production with minimum energy consumption. Common reed stalk material is used for experiments, because it experimentally stated ultimate tensile strength is 256 ± 27 N mm-2. This value testifies that common reeds are twice strongest material than cereal crop stalk materials and conditioning mechanization equipment of common reeds would be useful for other energy crops.

Economic Scales for First-Generation Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Combined Cycles Fueled From Energy Plantations

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Larson ◽  
C. I. Marrison
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

This paper assesses the scales at which commercial, first-generation biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle (BIG/GTCC) technology is likely to be most economic when fueled by plantation-derived biomass. First-generation BIG/GTCC systems are likely to be commercially offered by vendors beginning around 2000 and will be based on either pressurized or atmospheric-pressure gasification. Both plant configurations are considered here, with estimates of capital and operating costs drawn from published and other sources. Prospective costs of a farm-grown energy crop (switchgrass) delivered to a power plant are developed with the aid of a geographic information system (GIS) for agricultural regions in the North Central and Southeast US in the year 2000 and 2020. A simplified approach is applied to estimate the cost of delivering chipped eucalyptus from an existing plantation in Northeast Brazil. The “optimum” capacity (MWopt), defined as that which yields the minimum calculated cost of electricity (COEm), varies by geographic region due to differences in delivered biomass costs. With pressurized BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt is in the range of 230–320 MWe for the sites considered, assuming most of the land around the power plant is farmed for energy crop production. For atmospheric-pressure BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt ranges from 110 to 142 MWe. When a lower fraction of the land around a plant is used for energy farming, values for MWopt are smaller than these. In all cases, the cost of electricity is relatively insensitive to plant capacity over a wide range around MWopt.

scholarly journals Examination of first generation biofuel production in some selected biofuel producing countries in Europe: A case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
Katalin Takács-György ◽  
Anett Lászlók ◽  
István Takács
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
The Eu

The EU is committed to increasing the use of renewable energy sources. In the sector of transportation, the share of renewable energy is to reach 10% by 2020 and 14% by 2030, respectively, in the EU. According to the latest forecasts, the production of the first-generation biofuels made from food raw materials is showing a declining tendency in the main European producing countries. Therefore, the objective of our research is to forecast the production of some selected biofuel producing countries within the EU as well as the traditional biofuel production in Hungary. The question of land use changes due to the new regulations is crucial. Our examinations were carried out by using Verhulst’s logistic function based on the biofuel production data of EUROSTAT. The function has already reached the saturation level in Germany, France and Sweden but in the case of other examined countries, biofuel production is also in the phase of slowing growth. Furthermore, findings are also justified by the 2015 regulation that restricts the share of producing first-generation biofuels in the final energy consumption to 7% and promotes the production of advanced biofuels, thereby decreasing the indirect change in land use and increasing sustainable crop production.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Uncertainty in Land Use Conversion for Perennial Energy Crop Production: Exploring Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services Policies

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (02) ◽  
pp. 328-358
Author(s):  
Xiaogu Li ◽  
Katherine Y. Zipp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Chesapeake Bay Watershed ◽  
Nitrogen Runoff ◽  
Perennial Energy Crops

Perennial energy crops like switchgrass that are used for biofuel production have the potential to generate various water quality benefits such as reduced nitrogen runoff. Yet the current expected returns to switchgrass are not profitable enough for these crops to be widely adopted by U.S. farmers due to relatively unstable yields, volatile revenues, and high costs of crop establishment. This study uses a dynamic economic model to investigate the uncertainties in the yields and costs of switchgrass production, in comparison with those of corn-soybeans in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed in Pennsylvania. Results indicate that farmers would be willing to convert corn-soybeans to switchgrass land use with the provision of payments for ecosystem services (PES). A targeted PES policy based on the environmental effectiveness of the crop land is found to be slightly more effective in providing nitrogen reductions than a uniform PES policy with cost savings of 8–19%. Moreover, switchgrass has the potential of providing energy supply while reducing greenhouse gases emissions.

Solid Biofuel Production from Meranti (Shorea Sp.) Sawdust Using Hydrothermal Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 789 ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Indah Astieningsih Mappapa ◽  
Ahmad T. Yuliansyah
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Initial Pressure ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analysis

In the context of industrialization, wood industry plays an important role as one of thepillar components in building Indonesia industry where 76.36% is supported by Meranti (Shorea Sp.).However, the increase of wood processing industries produces waste biomass in the form of largeamount sawdust. Hydrothermal treatment is an environmentally clean technology of convertingbiomass into coal-like solid called hydrochar using subcritical water. The purpose of this research isto determine the effect of temperature and water to biomass (b/w) ratio in the formation of hydrocharfrom Meranti sawdust. This research was carried out using a 250 mL hydrothermal reactor where amixture of Meranti sawdust and water heated at temperature variation of 240 and 300oC; b/w ratio1:20, 2:20, 3:20; initial pressure of 1.0 Mpa and holding time for 30 minutes. Hydrochar were thencharacterized in terms of yield, caloric value, proximate and ultimate analysis. Based on experimentalresult, 39-78% raw materials were converted into hydrochar where the highest yield was found ontemperature operation of 240oC and b/w ratio 2:20.

scholarly journals Economic Scales for First-Generation Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Combined Cycles Fueled From Energy Plantations

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Larson ◽  
Christopher I. Marrison
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

This paper assesses the scales at which commercial, first-generation biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle (BIG/GTCC) technology are likely to be most economic when fueled by plantation-derived biomass. First-generation BIG/GTCC systems are likely to be commercially offered by vendors beginning around 2000 and will be based on either pressurized or atmospheric-pressure gasification. Both plant configurations are considered here, with estimates of capital and operating costs drawn from published and other sources. Prospective costs of a farm-grown energy crop (switchgrass) delivered to a power plant are developed with the aid of a geographic information system (GIS) for agricultural regions in the North Central and Southeast US in the year 2000 and 2020. A simplified approach is applied to estimate the cost of delivering chipped eucalyptus from an existing plantation in Northeast Brazil. The “optimum” capacity (MWopt), defined as that which yields the minimum calculated cost of electricity (COEm), varies by geographic region due to differences in delivered biomass costs. With pressurized BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt is in the range of 230–320 MWs for the sites considered, assuming most of the land around the power plant is farmed for energy crop production. For atmospheric-pressure BIG/GTCC plants, MWopt ranges from 110 to 142 MWe. When a lower fraction of the land around a plant is used for energy farming, values for MWopt are smaller than these. In all cases, the cost of electricity is relatively insensitive to plant capacity over a wide range around MWopt.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL AND PROSPECTS FOR USING AGRIBIOMASS FOR ENERGY IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
G.G. Geletukha ◽  
T.A. Zheliezna ◽  
S.V. Drahniev ◽  
A.I. Bashtovyi
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Cost

Purpose of the work is to identify promising directions for using agribiomass for energy in Ukraine. Current state and prospects for the development of this segment of bioenergy are considered. Analysis of the strategic goals for bioenergy development set by the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020 and Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 shows that only wide involvement of agribiomass in the country's fuel and energy complex can ensure attainment of these goals. Ukraine has considerable potential of agricultural biomass. According to data of 2018, it is 10.1 Mtoe, which is 44% of the total bioenergy potential. The main constituents of agribiomass potential are cereal straw and by-products of grain corn production. Today, of the various types of agribiomass, sunflower husk is most actively used for energy: more than 63% of its potential. Utilization of the potential of other types of agricultural residues is between 0 and 3%. For Ukraine, the most promising direction is priority use of corn stover for energy. Feasibility study of corn stalks harvesting as well as production of briquettes and pellets from them was performed. Main factors affecting the cost-effectiveness of projects on solid biofuel production are cost of raw materials, manufacturing line productivity and sale price of the finished product. Results of the feasibility study show that corn briquettes and pellets can be competitive in the biofuel market of Ukraine, and their production can be a profitable business project.

scholarly journals Influence of raw material properties on energy consumption during briquetting process

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 02006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanova ◽  
Bohumil Havrland ◽  
Radek Novotny ◽  
Alexandru Muntean ◽  
Petr Hutla
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Biomass is doubtless a very significant source of renewable energy being worldwide abundant with high energy potential. This paper deals with assessment energy consumption at especially grinding and briquetting processes, which should result in essential economy of energy at solid biofuel production. Various types of raw materials were used at the experiment such as hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass, two species of Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus x gigantheus) and apple wood biomass. These materials were dried, grinded and pressed by piston press having pressing chamber diameter of 65 mm. Materials were grinded into three fractions (4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm). Material throughput (kg.h-1) and energy consumption (kWh.t-1) were registered. As to results: the highest throughput at both grinding cases as well as briquetting was found at apple wood biomass; however the energy consumption during briquetting of apple wood was relatively high. The worst results concerning throughput and energy consumption (especially at briquetting) were found at hemp biomass. Nevertheless, briquettes made of hemp had the best mechanical durability. Both Miscunthus species (herbaceous biomass) have very similar parameters and showed quite good relation between throughput and energy consumption at the used machines.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Cultivation in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe Zone and Development of Its New Lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Svitlana O. Rakhmetovа ◽  
Olena M. Vergun ◽  
Maksym I. Kulyk ◽  
Rostislav Y. Blume ◽  
Oleksandr P. Bondarchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a promising C4-photosynthetising perennial grass and an important energy crop. It is resistant to drought, cold and winter frost, endures flooding and shows high performance at minimal energy consumption for cultivation. Methods: The purpose of the work was to develop and introduce high-yielding genotypes of switchgrass and develop effective cultivation technologies for the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The objective of the study was to evaluate the introduction potential of switchgrass, to establish biologically productive parameters and energy values of different genotypes and the effectiveness of cultivation techniques in the specific geo-climatic zone of Ukraine. To achieve the objectives, a wide range of introductory, biological-morphological, breeding-biotechnological, and agronomic methods have been used. Results: The gene pool of P. virgatum was collected (33 accessions), ten of which have been investigated, including both introduced genotypes and newly developed breeding lines. The bio-morphological, ecological features, the biochemical composition of plants have been evaluated. The productivity of the above-ground biomass and seeds, as well as the energy value of plants, has been evaluated. High-performance forms with specified yield parameters, biomass sugars, total energy and biofuel output per unit area have been determined. Conclusion: A new variety of P. virgatum (cv. Zoriane) has been introduced for cultivation. Among the accessions of newly developed genotypes, the most productive lines have been identified. New efficient technologies have been developed to increase the yield potential of switchgrass as a source of raw materials for biofuel production.

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