scholarly journals Crowdfunding: The Concept, Types and Risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
G. T. Papaskua
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Start Ups

The paper is devoted to the study of the essence of crowdfunding as an innovative mechanism of investment activity. The author studies the peculiarities of collective investing, analyzes the process of the formation of crowdfunding as a particular case of a broader phenomenon – crowdsourcing, examines the types of crowdfunding (crowdrewarding, crowdinvesting, crowdlending), examines statistical data characterizing the development of crowdfunding relations in Russia and abroad, highlights the risks associated with crowdfunding. According to the author, the peculiarities of crowdfunding are related to the fact that it is, on the one hand, a form of collective investment activity, and on the other hand, a form of crowdsourcing. It involves the investment of insignificant (as compared with the total required amount) funds, aimed at financing projects at the early stages of implementation (start-ups). One of the participants in the crowdfunding relationship is an intermediary between the investor and the recipient of investments – an investment platform. The purpose of investment may be togenerate income, as well as other benefits, in particular goods, priority access to an innovative product, discounts, or the achievement of a socially useful result.

De rol van de burgemeester

Res Publica ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Johan Ackaert
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Educational Degree ◽  
The One ◽  
Individual Service

This article confronts several theoretical role-models about mayor's behaviour with their own perception. For this purpose, the statistical data is drawn from a survey among Flemish mayors. Mayors perceive the ''father of the community" role as the most prevailing one. This perception is reflected in their timespending. More than 1/4 of their time is dedicated towards activities such as participation in the community life, individual service rendering to citizens and having individual contacts with them.The father of the community' role lives strongly among mayors with a lower educational degree and less among the higher educated ones. It is also more perceived among mayors being recent office-bolders, while the more experienced ones seem more to maintain a certain distance from this role. Moreover, mayors with a lower educational degree are recordholders in having individual contacts with citizens. Finally, no relation has been found between roleperception and timespending on the one hand and party background on the other hand.

Recruitment Communication and Psychological Contracts in Start-Ups

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Mia Thyregod Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Recruitment Communication ◽  
The One ◽  
Start Ups

Recruitment communication presents a dilemma for organisations. When organisations hire, they often engage in branding themselves as employers (Backhaus & Tikoo, 2004) and rely on positive framing to present vacant positions in order to attract candidates. This leads to the ensuing challenge of living up to these promises for the candidates who are ultimately hired. Overpromising and underdelivering leads to a breach of the initial psychological contract. This balancing dilemma is especially pertinent for new and unknown companies, where concerns about the company’s legitimacy as an employer may cause potential candidates not to apply (Williamson, Cable, & Aldrich, 2002). On the one hand, start-ups need and want to attract the best, and on the other hand, they need to be wary of the impression they are creating of the job and the organisation as a place of work, as they would also like the candidates to stay once they are hired. I draw on interviews with managers and newcomers in Danish start-ups to give empirical examples of this challenge and its results, using the literature on psychological contracts (Rousseau, 1995) as an explanatory framework. I discuss what organisations might do to accomplish this balancing feat from theoretical and practical perspectives.

Reforming Australia's Safe Harbour for Internet Intermediaries

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-85
Author(s):  
Sam Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Chilling Effect ◽  
Safe Harbour ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Start Ups

The internet safe harbour created by section 230 of the Communications Decency Act has been described as one of the laws that built Silicon Valley. Australia does not have an equivalent law. The closest available is clause 91(1) of schedule 5 of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Cth) (BSA Immunity), a law described by the NSW Department of Justice as of limited ‘utility'. The purpose of this chapter is to conduct a comparative analysis of section 230 and the BSA Immunity. On the one hand, the chapter seeks to outline how section 230 has helped develop some of the world's most successful platforms while, on the other hand, the chapter argues that the BSA Immunity's lack of utility has had a ‘chilling effect' on internet businesses in Australia. Following this comparison, the chapter discusses potential reforms to the BSA Immunity, which could assist in the development of future Australian start-ups.

scholarly journals The Synaxarion Redaction of the Life of St. Alexander Svirsky: A Reconstruction of the Early Stages of the Text History

Slovene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-183
Author(s):  
Alexandra E. Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Trinity

The paper addresses the problems of the attribution and the geographical and chronological origins of the synaxarion redaction of the Life of St. Alexander Svirsky; it relies on textological, codicological, and palaeographic analysis of the surviving manuscripts. The author draws some conclusions about the formation of the regional variants of this medieval hagiographic text. Alexander Svirsky was the only Christian saint who was honored by receiving a manifestation of the Holy Trinity; this occurred in 1508. He founded the monastery of the Holy Trinity and was its archpriest until his dormition in 1533. The Life of Alexander Svirsky was written in 1545 by Herodion Kochnev, one of the saint’s acolytes, at the directive of Metropolitan Macarius for the Great Menaion Reader. The Life of St. Alexander Svirsky survives in a large number of copies— about 200—from the 16th and 17th centuries. Only nine of these copies show the text variant that the author of this study calls “the synaxarion variant”; they appear in synaxaria from the second half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries. Word-by-word text comparison allows one to conclude that these nine copies fall into three different redactions, each reflecting Herodion’s text. All three redactions originate from different areas, and they differ in subject matter and in the methods of elaboration of the Menaion text. On the one hand, this confirms that obviously there was a great need for this kind of text; on the other hand, it acknowledges the absence of a norm by means of which such texts might be compiled. The first, earliest, synaxarion redaction survives in seven copies, including one of the earliest copies of the Life, which dates back to 1549, according to a note by the scribe. It might have been created soon after Herodion’s text for the Great Menaion Reader to coincide with Alexander’s canonization in 1547. Despite the small number of surviving copies, this redaction was rather widespread and was known in Pskov and Novgorod, in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, and probably in Romanov. The other two redactions were found in late, isolated copies. The second synaxarion redaction is known from the Vologda Synaxarion, and the third one—from the Synaxarion delivered from Moscow to Mozhaysk.

scholarly journals Cultural indicators of tourism sustainability in Serbian spas

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Pavlovic ◽  
Marija Belij
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Green Zone ◽  
The One ◽  
Overnight Stays

This paper analyses cultural indicators, one of five groups of comparative indicators of sustainable tourism, defined and suggested to the European Commission by a team of experts. The group of cultural indicators includes indicators such as the ratio of accommodation capacities to the number of population, and tourism intensity and they show the level of preservation of local population identity. The statistical data from the last four census year were used in the analysis of cultural indicators of tourism sustainability in spa settlements in Serbia. The ratio of accommodation capacities to the number of local population can be defined as favourable in most spas (green zone), since there is no intensive tourist construction (apart from illegal construction), while the tourism intensity based on the example of Serbian spa settlements points at very unfavourable situation, since in all four census years the recorded, the results are in the red zone, i.e. on the one hand, there is a relatively low number of local population and on the other hand, there is a high number of overnight stays.

On the question of the treatment of the appendix

1904 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 330-330
Author(s):  
B. M. Shaposhnikov
Keyword(s):  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conservative Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstracts. Surgery.B. M. Shaposhnikov. On the question of the treatment of the appendix. "Surgery" 1904, No. 88.The author-therapist by specialty is a supporter of the conservative method of treating appendicitis. To this conviction he is led, on the one hand, the statistical data belonging to surgeons of different nationalities; and on the other hand, our own observations of 13 cases of acute appendicitis.

scholarly journals The role of agribusiness in stimulating on-farm investments – case-study of the armenian dairy sector

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liesbeth Dries ◽  
Matthew Gorton ◽  
John White ◽  
Vardan Urutyan ◽  
Gagik Sardaryan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
International Firms ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Supply Policy ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyses the impact on investments of contractual arrangements between farms and agribusiness in the Armenian dairy sector. Our empirical evidence is based on a unique survey of 300 Armenian dairy farms. The dairy sector is of particular importance as it provides vital employment and income, in an environment of weak social security and scarce job opportunities. Furthermore, milk production is predominantly organized in small-scale farms, which are most likely to be affected by adversarial financial conditions and limited in their opportunities to raise resources to invest. The results show that a large share of milk producers in Armenia is actively investing to upgrade their farm business. Furthermore, investment activity is not limited to large dairy farmers as over 30% of respondents with less than eight cows have made dairy-specific investments. We find that the linkages between farms and agribusiness – and more specifically the support programs that agribusiness firms offer to their suppliers – have been crucial in stimulating this restructuring process at the farm level. Interestingly, farmers with a more exclusive relationship to the buyer and farmers that deliver to more internationally oriented buyers are more likely to receive support. On the other hand, buyers that operate in a more competitive market are less likely to provide support to their suppliers. These findings have interesting policy implications. On the one hand, our results point to the gains that can be made from openness to international firms. On the other hand, the negative competition effect indicates that buyers are unable to enforce repayment of the provided farm services in an environment where a lot of buyers are competing for the same supply. Policy makers should look at ways of improving the enforcement capability of dairy companies under these circumstances.

On the Nature of Head Malformations Obtained by Centrifuging the Eggs of Limnaea stagnalis

Development ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-303
Author(s):  
Chr. P. Raven ◽  
A. M. TH. Beenakkers
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Cerebral Ganglion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Limnaea Stagnalis ◽  
The One

When eggs of Limnaea stagnalis are treated with lithium chloride at early stages, characteristic aberrations of development are produced (Raven, 1942). On the one hand, vesicular or dumb-bell-shaped exogastrulae may develop; on the other hand, some of the embryos gastrulating normally show various malformations, especially of the head region, at later stages. The latter belong partly to the cyclocephalic series; but other malformations, such as microphthalmia, monophthalmia, eye reduplications, asymmetries of the head, and malformations of the mouth parts, may also be produced. Raven (1949) studied the nature of the cyclocephalic head malformations (synophthalmia, cyclopia, anophthalmia, acephaly) produced by lithium. It appeared that these malformations are due to a suppression of the differentiation of mediodorsal parts of the head. In normal development the head is formed from two bilaterally situated anlagen, the cerebral plates, which each give rise to a cerebral ganglion, an eye, and a tentacle field.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Dacome
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex World ◽  
Anatomical Models ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Over the course of the eighteenth century, anatomical models were propelled to the forefront of the anatomical world. The Introduction highlights how anatomical models became important social, cultural, and political as well as medical tools. Moreover, it sheds light on what a microhistorical perspective can offer to the study of anatomical modelling and anatomical displays. On the one hand, it points to how such an approach allows us to appreciate the fluidity of meaning that characterized the early stages of anatomical modelling and the variety of actors, including makers, students, artists, and lay audiences, who were involved in its development. On the other hand, it situates anatomical modelling in the context of a complex world of social interaction that encompassed various domains, including artisanal, antiquarian, devotional, and medical cultures; patronage and commerce; the emerging phenomenon of celebrity; and the development of observational practices that were incidental to Grand Tour culture.

Vico’s New Science

1998 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Vincenzo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Universal History ◽  
New Science ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In Vico’s New Science wisdom is understood in a double sense. On the one hand, wisdom means the poetic wisdom that provides intelligibility for the peoples of the nations during their early stages of development. On the other hand, wisdom means the noetic knowledge gained by the Vichian scientist who contemplates concrete historicity in the light of the New Science. By means of an examination of three principle aspects of Vico’s science, and by looking to his conception of the origin of the most rudimentary institutions of humanity, primordial piety— fear of the mythic other— is shown to be the origin of poetic wisdom. And, by focusing on the necessity of surmounting the conceit of scholars and the conceit of nations for a science of universal history, philosophical piety— openness to the wholly Other— is revealed as the ground of philosophical wisdom. This paper sets out to show how Vico’s science of the principles of humanity is, at the same time, a science of the unity of piety and wisdom.

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