scholarly journals Experimental assessment of potassium ions diffusion speed from new gel reducing dental sensitivity

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-679
Author(s):  
A N Kozmenko ◽  
N A Belokonov
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Potassium Fluoride ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Potassium Citrate ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Special Device ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Dentinal Tubules ◽  
Sensitive Teeth

Aim. To compare the contents of potassium salts in specialized toothpastes, and to estimate the possibility for potassium ions diffusion through dentinal tubules after firm tooth tissues conditioning by a toothpaste containing fluoride. Methods. Toothpastes specially formulated to treat the pain of sensitive teeth: «Sensodyne F» (contains potassium chloride); «PresiDENT Sensitive» (potassium nitrate); «Asepta Sensitive» (potassium citrate) and new gel reducing dental sensitivity (contains potassium chloride) were examined. Speed of potassium ions diffusion through dentinal tubules after firm tooth tissues conditioning by a toothpaste containing fluoric substances were measures by potentiometry and a special device using tooth slice as a membrane. Results. Considering that toothpaste is applied within 5 minutes, while gel - within 15-20 minutes, it is possible to assume that potassium ions bioavailability from 1 g of gel can be assessed as 41 mg, compared to 5.9±0.5 mg from 1 g of paste №1, 0.4±0.05 mg - №2; 7.8±0.5 mg - №3. So, potassium ions bioavailability from 1 g of gel is 7; 102; 5 times higher (respectively) compared to toothpastes. Speed of potassium ions diffusion through dentinal tubules ranged between 0.2 to 1.64 μg/min and depended on the number of membrane potassium channels permeable for potassium. Fluoride toothpastes specially formulated to treat the pain of sensitive teeth reduced the speed of potassium ions diffusion from the solution by 4-7 times by blocking the dentinal tubules. This can be also associated with fluoride-containing protective film formation. Therefore, at the first stage of treatment of teeth hypersensitivity using new gel, it is better to use a toothpaste without fluoride. Conclusion. Compared to the examined toothpastes, new gel for reducing dental sensitivity contains higher number of potassium free ions, which can enter dentinal tubules reducing the effect on free nerve endings. Potassium ions diffusion through dentinal tubules reduced 4-7-fold after conditioning by a toothpaste containing fluoride.

scholarly journals Clinical Dentin Hypersensitivity: Understanding the Causes and Prescribing a Treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Jacobsen ◽  
Gretchen Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Tooth Bleaching ◽  
Hydrodynamic Theory ◽  
Dentin Hypersensitivity ◽  
Dentinal Tubules ◽  
Dental Restorations ◽  
Sensitive Teeth

Abstract Dentin hypersensitivity is a common condition of transient tooth pain associated with a variety of exogenous stimuli. There is substantial variation in the response to such stimuli from one person to another. Except for sensitivity associated with tooth bleaching or other tooth pathology, the clinical cause of dentin hypersensitivity is exposed dentinal tubules as a result of gingival recession and subsequent loss of cementum on root surfaces. The most widely accepted theory of how the pain occurs is Brännström's hydrodynamic theory of dentin hypersensitivity. Dentinal hypersensitivity must be differentiated from other conditions that may cause sensitive teeth prior to treatment. Three principal treatment strategies are used. Dentinal tubules can be covered by gingival grafts or dental restorations. The tubules can be plugged using compounds that can precipitate together into a large enough mass to occlude the tubules. The third strategy is to desensitize the nerve tissue within the tubules using potassium nitrate. Several over-the-counter products are available to patients to treat this condition.

Dentinal Hypersensitivity: A Review

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Hydrodynamic Theory ◽  
First Line ◽  
Dentinal Tubules ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Sharp Pain ◽  
Sensitive Teeth ◽  
Dental Professional ◽  
Dentinal Hypersensitivity

Abstract Dentinal hypersensitivity is generally reported by the patient after experiencing a sharp pain caused by one of several different stimuli. The pain response varies substantially from one person to another. The condition generally involves the facial surfaces of teeth near the cervical aspect and is very common in premolars and canines. The most widely accepted theory of how the pain occurs is Brannstrom's hydrodynamic theory, fluid movement within the dentinal tubules. The dental professional, using a variety of diagnostic techniques, will discern the condition from other conditions that may cause sensitive teeth. Treatment of the condition can be invasive or non-invasive in nature. The most inexpensive and efficacious first line of treatment for most patients is a dentifrice containing a desensitizing active ingredient such as potassium nitrate and/or stannous fluoride. This review will address the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. In addition the home care recommendations will focus on desensitizing dentifrices. Citation Walters PA. Dentinal Hypersensitivity: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2:107-117.

scholarly journals Spilanthes acmella Leaves Extract for Corrosion Inhibition in Acid Medium

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Akbar Ali Samsath Begum ◽  
Raja Mohamed Abdul Vahith ◽  
Vijay Kotra ◽  
Mohammed Rafi Shaik ◽  
Abdelatty Abdelgawad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Tafel Polarization ◽  
Spilanthes Acmella

In the present study, the corrosion inhibition effect of Spilanthes acmella aqueous leaves extract (SA-LE) on mild steel was investigated in 1.0 M HCl solution at different temperature using weight loss, Tafel polarization, linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements. Adsorption of inhibitor on the surface of the mild steel obeyed both Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were also calculated to determine the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with an increase in the inhibitor concentration i.e., Spilanthes acmella aqueous leaves extract, however, the inhibition efficiency decreased with an increase in the temperature. The phytochemical constituents with functional groups including electronegative hetero atoms such as N, O, and S in the extract adsorbed on the metal surface are found responsible for the effective performance of the inhibitor, which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic (UV-Vis) studies. Protective film formation against corrosion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle studies. The result shows that the leaves extract acts as corrosion inhibitor and is able to promote surface protection by blocking active sites on the metal.

scholarly journals Comparison Between the Action of Nano-Oxides and Conventional EP Additives in Boundary Lubrication

Lubricants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Valdicleide Silva Mello ◽  
Marinalva Ferreira Trajano ◽  
Ana Emilia Diniz Silva Guedes ◽  
Salete Martins Alves
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Boundary Lubrication ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Extreme Pressure Additives ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Lubrication Conditions

Additives are essential in lubricant development, improving their performance by the formation of a protective film, thus reducing friction and wear. Some such additives are extreme pressure additives. However, due to environmental issues, their use has been questioned because their composition includes sulfur, chlorine, and phosphorus. Nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be a suitable substitute for those additives. This paper aims to make a comparison of the tribological performance of conventional EP additives and oxides nanoparticles (copper and zinc) under boundary lubrication conditions. The additives (nanoparticles, ZDDP, and sulfur) were added to mineral and synthetic oils. The lubricant tribological properties were analyzed in the tribometer HFRR (high frequency reciprocating rig), and during the test, the friction coefficient and percentual of film formation were measured. The wear was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the conventional EP additives have a good performance owing to their anti-wear and small friction coefficient in both lubricant bases. The oxides nanoparticles, when used as additives, can reduce the friction more effectively than conventional additives, and displayed similar behavior to the extreme pressure additives. Thus, the oxide nanoparticles are more environmentally suitable, and they can replace EP additives adapting the lubricant to current environmental requirements.

Polarography of some coordination compounds of platinum. I. Hexammineplatinum (IV) and Tris(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV) ions

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Hall ◽  
RA Plowman
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Platinum Metal ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Diffusion Current ◽  
Polarographic Reduction ◽  
Wave Potential ◽  
Half Wave Potential ◽  
Half Wave ◽  
Continuous Discharge

The polarographic reduction of tris(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV) and the hexammineplatinum(IV) ions has been studied in potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, and potassium nitrate plus ammonia solutions. Both ions were reduced irreversibly producing similarly shaped waves, showing well-defined diffusion current regions corresponding to two-electron reductions of the complexes. A linear relationship existed between diffusion current and concentration within the range examined. In aqueous potassium chloride and potassium nitrate media, the waves contained slight inflexions at positions corresponding to one-electron additions. The phenomenon suggested the transient presence of platinum(III) ions, and indicated that the half-wave potential of the reduction of the complexes to the trivalent state was very close to the half-wave potential of the reduction from platinum(IV) to platinum(II). The values were so close together as to indicate the improbability of isolating the trivalent complexes. Gelatin enhanced the inflexion in the wave but shifted the wave in a more negative direction. An increased concentration of supporting electrolyte also shifted the wave to a more negative position. In all cases a continuous discharge began at about -1.3 V (v. S.C.E.). This discharge was so far removed from that of the potassium ions of the supporting electrolyte that it was attributed to the discharge of hydrogen. Since the initial reduction of the platinum complexes corresponded to a two-electron change, it can be represented by reduction to a tetrammine ion. It is postulated that at higher applied potentials (namely, -1.3 V v. S.C.E.) the reduction proceeded further, producing platinum metal. This platinum metal would be in an active state, insoluble in mercury, and being on the surface, would lower the overvoltage of hydrogen leading to its discharge at a more positive potential than on a pure mercury surface. This view was supported by the fact that gas bubbles were observed at the dropping electrode when a voltage greater than -1.3 V was applied to the electrode for some time. When ammonia was added to the supporting electrolyte, a wave, without an inflexion, and corresponding to an irreversible two-electron reduction, was obtained at more negative potentials. The bivalent tetrammineplatinum(II) and bis(ethylenediamine)platinum(II) ions also gave polarograms showing the continuous discharge of hydrogen.

scholarly journals The Temperature Dependence of the Isotope Effect for Electromigration of Potassium Ions in Molten Potassium Nitrate

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1779-1782
Author(s):  
Arnold Lundén ◽  
Alf Ekhed
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Separation Factor ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Heavy Isotope ◽  
Significant Enrichment

The relative difference (Δb/b) between the electromigration mobilities of 39K and 41K in molten KNO3 has been measured over the range 354° to 586°C. The mass effect, μ= (Δb/b)/(Δm/m), becomes larger when the temperature is increased, following the relation—,u =0.0385+0.000124 (t-337)where t is the temperature in °C. Due to thermal decomposition, the nitrate is partly converted to nitrite, but it is proved by performing experiments with different initial concentrations of nitrite, that the isotope effect for potassium is not influenced noticeably by the concentration of the anions.The experiment is designed to give an enrichment of the heavy isotope 41K in a small anode compartment and in the upper part of the separation tube. However, it was possible to establish that a slight, but significant, enrichment of the light isotope 39K was obtained in the lower part of the separation tube, i. e. just above the opening into the large cathode compartment. A separation factor of 1.003 was estimated for this enrichment effect, which is due to non-ideal conditions of the experiment.

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