scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OSTEOARTHRITIS MODELING: FROM SEARCHING OF “GOLD STANDARD” TO PHENOTYPIC PRINCIPLE

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
K V Korochina ◽  
T V Chernysheva ◽  
I E Korochina ◽  
S Yu Shamaev
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Apparatus ◽  
Model Classification ◽  
Experimental Osteoarthritis ◽  
Surgical Manipulations

The authors present a review of literature on experimental osteoarthritis (OA) within searching for its universal model. Classification, advantages, disadvantages, methodological inaccuracies of various authorial approaches from the point of view of conformity to human disease were identified based on analysis of the array of literature. Among techniques for OA modeling traumatic techniques were in most common use; among them "local" surgical manipulations, local devascularization, intraarticular injections of chemical-and-mechanical inducers and adjuvants which were followed up by gross changes in joint structures and, probably, severe pain. The influence of age and some genetic characteristics of cartilage structure were studied during experiments on laboratory animals with modified genetic apparatus. The methods of indirect "systemic" influence on joint structures are the most advanced in simulation of non-traumatic OA; however the etiological adequacy of proposed models is debatable. The concept of searching for the "gold standard" of the experimental model of OA formed earlier requires reconsideration because the modern identification of different OA subtypes leads to the development of new approaches on its reproducing in animals with ultimate imitation of a particular phenotype.

scholarly journals Ethical and legal aspects of in vivo experimental biomedical research

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav A. Lipatov ◽  
Aleksey A. Kryukov ◽  
Dmitry A. Severinov ◽  
Araik R. Saakyan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

In XXI century in vivo experiments came into a common use in connection with development of biological and medical scientific fields. In the first part of the work historical and techni-cal aspects of use of animals in in vivo experiments are considered. In the work the problem of choice of a kind of laboratory animal for experimental purposes is discussed, and also the number of animals in the experimental groups is substantiated for further statistical processing of the primary information and determination of the reliability of differences in interpretation of the obtained results. According to the data of analyzed literature sources, modern researchers keep to the non-violence strategy and ahimsa principle (from Lat. ahimsᾱ causing no harm). Here, the dominating point of view is the necessity for in vivo experiments for further development of the biomedical science. This is possible provided suffering of animals are minimized with their minimal number in an experiment. The choice of the animal species first of all depends on the task faced by an experimenter. Besides, in each research a thorough choice of a specific animal is required based on the information of its health, maintenance and feeding, anatomical and physiological peculiarities, age, genetic characteristics. Chronic and acute surgical experiments are usually conducted on large vertebrate animals: dogs, European rabbits, house cats, while the action and effectiveness of pharmacological drugs are more conveniently studied on small laboratory animals: house mice, common rats, guinea-pigs, golden hamsters.

scholarly journals The role of herpesviruses 6 and 7 in the development of chronic fatigue syndrome: a review of literature and description of clinical cases

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
V. V. Tsaryk ◽  
A. K. Novoskoltsev
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Fibromyalgia Syndrome ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Herpesvirus Infection ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome

At the issue represented the etiopathogenesis of the chronic fatigue syndrome of (CFS) with immune dysfunction. Many doctors consider this problem only from the point of view of non-psychological disorders requiring only psycho-correction and non-drug treatment. However, syndromocomplex of CFS includes not only neuropsychiatric disorders, but also fibromyalgia syndrome, unexplained genesis, lymphadenopathy, non-specific polyarthralgias. It is also controversial about the feasibility of treating type 6 herpesviruses and type 7 viruses. Some authors consider the need for antiviral therapy only when reactivating the herpesvirus infection, in the transplantation of organs and tissues. However, for frequent HHV-7 and HHV-6 viremia remains resistant to ganciclovir, unlike CMV and EBV, which is successfully controlled by viremia.

scholarly journals Patient-controlled epidural analgesia for labor – a step forward in Ukrainian obstetrics

Pain medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Yevhenii Grizhimalsky ◽  
Andrii Harha
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Epidural Analgesia ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Labour Pain ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies

Labour pain is recognized by some women as the most severe pain that they have ever felt in their life. Epidural analgesia is an effective method of pain relief in labour and is considered as the gold standard of analgesia for delivery. Traditionally, epidural analgesia in Ukraine is performed without the ability for the patient to control the process of anesthesia. The authors became interested in the delivery of local anesthetics by patient­controlled epidural analgesia instead of the traditional physician methods. In randomized controlled studies there is an evidence that the PCEA method tends to improve the quality of pain relief and increase the patient satisfaction.

Perspectives from Four Stages of Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Fox ◽  
Mor Bakhoum
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Developed Countries

This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.

scholarly journals Allergy to laboratory mice and rats: a review of its prevention, management, and treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steinar Hunskaar ◽  
Richard T. Fosse
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Work Routines ◽  
Design Systems ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Allergy to laboratory animals is reviewed from a management point of view. Personnel issues, medical therapy, legal aspects, animal house environments and work routines are discussed. Modern methods of medical treatment are presented but it is recommended that environmental control should be given priority over drugs. Several ventilation and building design systems are reviewed from an ALA viewpoint. New technology (including down-ventilated benches, ventilated cages) is reviewed and possible effectiveness analysed. These systems, though potentially of value, lack adequate testing under clinical conditions. We conclude that there are many clinically untested techniques that remain to be proven and whose efficacy has not been documented.

Cloud computing assurance – a review of literature guidance

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossouw von Solms ◽  
Melanie Willett
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
It Governance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Executive Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Purpose This paper aims to provide guidance on cloud computing assurance from an IT governance point of view. The board and executive management are tasked with ensuring proper governance of organizations, which should in the end contribute to a sense of assurance. Assurance is understood to be a part of corporate governance which provides stakeholders with confidence in a subject matter by evaluating evidence about that subject matter. Evidence will include proof that proper controls and structures are in place, that risks are managed and that compliance with internal and external requirements is demonstrated with regard to the subject matter. Decisions regarding the use of cloud computing in organizations bring these responsibilities to the fore. Design/methodology/approach The design of this paper is based on an extensive review of literature, predominantly best practices and standards, from the fields covering IT governance, cloud computing and assurance. Findings The results from this paper can be used to formulate cloud computing assurance evidence statements, as part of IT governance mandates. Originality/value This paper aims to add value by highlighting the responsibility of managers to ensure assurance when exploiting opportunities presented through IT advances, such as cloud computing; serving to inform management about the advances that have and are being made in the field of cloud computing guidelines; and motivating that these guidelines be used for assurance on behalf of organizations adopting and using cloud computing.

scholarly journals Large subgaleal hematoma producing turban head in 10 year boy with cerebral palsy: rare case report with review of literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-565
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar Tripathi ◽  
Vardan Kulshreshtha ◽  
Gaurav Jaiswal ◽  
Tarun Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Parietal Region ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
Subgaleal Hematoma ◽  
Subgaleal Space ◽  
Progressive Enlargement

Abstract Subgaleal hematomas (SGHs) are not uncommon. Because the subgaleal space has no anatomical boundaries, SGHs usually involve a large space and are typically limited to the parietal region. Cases of SGHs involving whole of head are relatively rare. In this study we report a rare case of massive enlargement of head after SGH causing severe pain and giving an appearance of turban. A 10 year old, male patient with cerebral palsy presented with progressive enlargement of head attaining a size of turban due to habitual head banging and self-punching overhead. SGH drainage and hematoma aspiration were performed and the patient’s head size was restored.

Diagnostic possibilities of methods for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
A N Navrotsky
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Severe Liver ◽  
Gold Standard Method

The paper reviews the diagnostic possibilities of different methods for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis from the point of view of their clinical application. Histological examination retains its value as the gold standard method in evaluating the liver. Transient elastography is a rather effective tool for identifying severe liver fibrosis.

Glucokinase and glucose homeostasis: proven concepts and new ideas

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zelent ◽  
H. Najafi ◽  
S. Odili ◽  
C. Buettger ◽  
H. Weik-Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Glucose Homoeostasis

The enzyme GK (glucokinase), which phosphorylates glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate, serves as the glucose sensor of insulin-producing β-cells. GK has thermodynamic, kinetic, regulatory and molecular genetic characteristics that are ideal for its glucose sensor function and allow it to control glycolytic flux of the β-cells as indicated by control-, elasticity- and response-coefficients close to or larger than 1.0. GK operates in tandem with the K+ and Ca2+ channels of the β-cell membrane, resulting in a threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin release of approx. 5 mM, which is the set point of glucose homoeostasis for most laboratory animals and humans. Point mutations of GK cause ‘glucokinase disease’ in humans, which includes hypo- and hyper-glycaemia syndromes resulting from activating or inactivating mutations respectively. GK is allosterically activated by pharmacological agents (called GK activators), which lower blood glucose in normal animals and animal models of T2DM. On the basis of crystallographic studies that identified a ligand-free ‘super-open’ and a liganded closed structure of GK [Grimsby, Sarabu, Corbett and others (2003) Science 301, 370–373; Kamata, Mitsuya, Nishimura, Eiki and Nagata (2004) Structure 12, 429–438], on thermostability studies using glucose or mannoheptulose as ligands and studies showing that mannoheptulose alone or combined with GK activators induces expression of GK in pancreatic islets and partially preserves insulin secretory competency, a new hypothesis was developed that GK may function as a metabolic switch per se without involvement of enhanced glucose metabolism. Current research has the goal to find molecular targets of this putative ‘GK-switch’. The case of GK research illustrates how basic science may culminate in therapeutic advances of human medicine.

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