scholarly journals Physical rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy of cognitive functions and asthenic disorders in stroke patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna E. Firileva ◽  
Pavel V. Rodichkin ◽  
Galina V. Buznik
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Physical Rehabilitation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Experimental Group

The article deals with the state of cognitive functions (memory, attention and thought process) and asthenic disorders in stroke patients in the process of physical rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy. The study used conventional methods for determining the state of cognitive functions. To improve cognitive abilities in the process of physical rehabilitation in the experimental group of patients, traditional methods and special physical exercises in the form of training tasks for memory, attention and thought processes were used. In the control group of patients only traditional methods of restoration of cognitive functions were used. Both groups of patients took the same drugs to improve cognitive function and relieve symptoms of cerebrogenic asthenia, using classic nootropic drugs (Pyracetam, Phenotropil, Vinpotropil), peptide drugs (Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Noopept, Semax), antidepressants and tranquilizers (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine). It is determined that the most important indicator of memory quality is short-term memory. In the experimental group in the process of physical rehabilitation revealed an improvement in this memory in 50% of patients, the deterioration of this indicator in 34% of persons, and 16% memory remained at the same level. Short-term memory indices in post-stroke patients of the control group are lower and correspond to: improvement – in 35%, deterioration – in 40%, remained at the same level in 25% of patients. Since the rate of short-term memory is 7 ± 2 units of information, the study showed that in all patients after a stroke, the indicators of storing information in short-term memory have become normal. The study of attention stability revealed that in the control group of patients it is worse than in the experimental group, and that the stability of attention does not depend on the experience of the post-stroke state. Patients with 3 years of post-stroke experience show the same results as patients with 6-month stroke. The study of inductive thinking showed that in both groups of patients it is in good condition. As for the indicators of practical mathematical thinking, 83% of the participants coped with the task in the experimental group, and 17% failed. In the control group, 57% of patients coped with this task, and 43% failed. Only 50% of the patients in the experimental group and 42% of the control group coped with a more difficult task in this type of thinking. The same results were obtained in persons without stroke. This shows that the more difficult tasks of identifying this type of thinking are difficult for people after a stroke. It can be concluded that the mental processes of a person after a stroke are in optimal condition.

scholarly journals The Effect of Games with Rules on Voluntary Regulation of 6—7-year-old Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Savina ◽  
I.A. Savenkova ◽  
I.V. Shchekotikhina ◽  
A.M. Gul'yants
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Instruction ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Voluntary Regulation ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Experimental Group

This article discusses the results of experimental study aimed at investigating the effect of games with rules on voluntary regulation of preschool children. The following components of voluntary regulation were studied: short-term and working memory, verbal interference control, the ability to follow verbal instruction, and knowledge of rules of conduct. One hundred and twenty 6—7-year-old children participated in this study. After the intervention, children in experimental group improved their knowledge of rules of conduct, short-term memory for numbers, verbal interference, and the ability to follow verbal instruction when executing a visual-motor integration task. Children in the control group also improved their verbal interference ability and short-term memory for numbers and words. However, size effects were smaller than in the experimental group.

Effectiveness of humor on short term memory function in age matched elderly and diabetic subjects vs. control group

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurinder S. Bains ◽  
Lee Berk ◽  
Noha Daher ◽  
Pooja Deshpande ◽  
Everett Lohman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Moderate to heavy infections ofTrichuris trichiuraaffect cognitive function in Jamaican school children

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nokes ◽  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
A. W. Sawyer ◽  
E. S. Cooper ◽  
B. A. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
School Children ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Placebo Trial

A double-blind placebo trial was conducted to determine the effect of moderate to high loads ofTrichuris trichiura(whipworm) infection on the cognitive functions of 159 school children (age 9–12 years) in Jamaica. Infected children were randomly assigned to Treatment or Placebo groups. A third group of randomly selected uninfected children were assigned to a Control for comparative purposes. The improvement in cognitive function was evaluated using a stepwise multiple linear regression, designed to control for any confounding variables. The expulsion of worms led to a significant improvement in tests of auditory short-term memory (P< 0.02;P< 0.01), and a highly significant improvement in the scanning and retrieval of long-term memory (P< 0.001). After 9 weeks, treated children were no longer significantly different from an uninfected Control group in these three tests of cognitive function. The removal ofT. trichiurawas more important thanAscaris lumbricoidesin determining this improvement. The results suggest that whipworm infection has an adverse effect on certain cognitive functions which is reversible by therapy.

scholarly journals Exposure to and recall of violence reduce short-term memory and cognitive control

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (32) ◽  
pp. 8505-8510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bogliacino ◽  
Gianluca Grimalda ◽  
Pietro Ortoleva ◽  
Patrick Ring
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Term Memory

Previous research has investigated the effects of violence and warfare on individuals' well-being, mental health, and individual prosociality and risk aversion. This study establishes the short- and long-term effects of exposure to violence on short-term memory and aspects of cognitive control. Short-term memory is the ability to store information. Cognitive control is the capacity to exert inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Both have been shown to affect positively individual well-being and societal development. We sampled Colombian civilians who were exposed either to urban violence or to warfare more than a decade earlier. We assessed exposure to violence through either the urban district-level homicide rate or self-reported measures. Before undertaking cognitive tests, a randomly selected subset of our sample was asked to recall emotions of anxiety and fear connected to experiences of violence, whereas the rest recalled joyful or emotionally neutral experiences. We found that higher exposure to violence was associated with lower short-term memory abilities and lower cognitive control in the group recalling experiences of violence, whereas it had no effect in the other group. This finding demonstrates that exposure to violence, even if a decade earlier, can hamper cognitive functions, but only among individuals actively recalling emotional states linked with such experiences. A laboratory experiment conducted in Germany aimed to separate the effect of recalling violent events from the effect of emotions of fear and anxiety. Both factors had significant negative effects on cognitive functions and appeared to be independent from each other.

scholarly journals Memory bias training by means of the emotional short-term memory task

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Borysław Paulewicz ◽  
Agata Blaut ◽  
Aleksandra Gronostaj
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Target Words

Abstract According to major cognitive theories of emotional disorders cognitive biases are partly responsible for their onset and maintenance. The direct test of this assumption is possible only if experimental method capable of altering a given form of cognitive bias is available. The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a novel implicit memory bias training procedure based on the emotional version of the classical Sternberg’s short-term memory task with negative, neutral and positive words. 108 participants, who completed the PANAS and the CES-D questionnaires, were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 33), the No-Negative group (n = 36), in which the target words in the Sternberg’s task were either positive or neutral but never negative or the Negative-New group (n = 39) in which the negative target words in the modified Sternberg’s task were always new. This training was followed by the recollection stage. Only one of the training protocols resulted in significant effects at the recall stage - individuals in the No-Negative group recalled more positive words and fewer negative words than those in the control group. These results show that it may be possible to experimentally induce memory bias characteristic of non-depressed individuals.

EEG frequency and the size of cognitive neuronal assemblies

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid von Stein ◽  
Johannes Sarnthein
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spectral Parameters ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuronal Assemblies ◽  
Target Article

We have performed a set of experiments that correlate EEG spectral parameters with cognitive functions. The tasks (visual perception, supramodal object recognition, short-term memory) were chosen so that the cortical area involved extended over different length scales. The extent of the cognitive neuronal assemblies correlated inversely with the frequency where EEG synchronization was found. This provides a further relation between experiment and the theory put forward in the Nunez target article.

EVALUATING SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO WI-FI SIGNALS ON STUDENTS’ REACTION TIME, SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND REASONING ABILITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Hosseini ◽  
A Hosseini ◽  
S Jarideh ◽  
H Argasi ◽  
F Shekoohi-Shooli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Abstract This study investigated the effect of short-term exposure to Wi-Fi signals on the cognitive functions of the mind. After obtaining permission from the local Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and approval by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2017041233398N1), 45 male and female students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences volunteered to participate in this study. They were exposed to Wi-Fi signals in two sham and exposure sessions, each for 2 hours. After completion, they took part in reaction time, short-term memory, and reasoning ability tests. After scoring, the data were analysed by SPSS software. In addition, the electric field strength and power density were calculated. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of reaction time, short-term memory, and reasoning ability in sham and exposure. Also, the obtained values from the electric field strength and power density (E = 4.1 Vm−1, P = 0.446 Wm−2) were lower than that of threshold values by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Our results can greatly reduce concerns regarding the effects of short-term exposure to Wi-Fi waves on cognitive functions.

Double Literacy Effects on Language and Reading Skills in Italian–English Primary School Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Costa ◽  
Maria Teresa Guasti ◽  
Stefania Sharley
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Major concerns still surround literacy education in a foreign language during primary school. In this study, we aim to establish (1) whether bilinguals perform worse in Italian literacy tests than monolinguals; (2) whether literacy skills transfer from Italian to English. We tested 97 Italian–English bilingual first, third and fifth graders (attending two bilingual primary schools in Italy, with a simultaneous 50:50 immersion programme) and a control group of 40 monolingual Italian pupils in grades 1 and 3. All participants were tested in Italian, measuring the following skills: vocabulary, phonological awareness, reading proficiency and verbal short-term memory. Bilingual participants – who had been exposed to Italian since birth and to English within the first three years of their lives – were also tested on the same measures in English. The results showed that bilingual first graders outperformed their monolingual peers in verbal short-term memory, thus revealing a possible cognitive advantage in the early stage of literacy acquisition. Monolingual and bilingual firstand third graders did not differ in reading speed. The two groups made an almost similar number of errors, but the small difference turned out to be statistically significant. Bilingual subjects’ reading attainment was found to be within monolingual normal limits in both languages on all measures except for English reading comprehension, which, together with English vocabulary, was found to be below the English norm. Aside from reading comprehension, on all other measures bilingual children’s performance in Italian correlated with their performance in English, suggesting the presence of cross-linguistic transfer of language and reading skills. 

The Effects of Directed Study on the Spelling Performance of Two Subgroups of Learning Disabled Students

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Foster ◽  
Joseph K. Torgesen
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Spelling Performance ◽  
Spelling Test ◽  
Group A

This study investigated the response of two different subgroups of learning disabled children to variations in study conditions as they prepared for a spelling test. The study conditions were: (a) free study, in which the children studied lists of words in any manner they chose; and (b) directed study, in which all children were required to engage in the same number of repetitive spellings of the word lists. The three groups of eight subjects each included a normal control group, a group of LD children with severe short-term memory problems, and a group of LD children with normal short-term memory performance. The directed study condition was found to have a significant effect on the spelling performance only of the LD children without short-term memory deficits. While the results illustrate that some LD children's spelling performance may be improved by simply altering the way they approach tasks, the findings also suggest that other LD children may need a different kind of educational support.

Comparison of cognitive functions among frail and prefrail older adults: a clinical perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Bispo da Silva Alves ◽  
Elizabete de Oliveira Barbosa ◽  
Daniel de Moraes Pimentel ◽  
Lara S. F. Carneiro ◽  
Ana Carolina M. A. Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Global Cognition

ABSTRACTObjective:To compare cognitive function among frail and prefrail older adults.Design:Cross-sectional clinical study.Participants:Fifty-one non-institutionalized older individuals participated in this study.Measurements:Cognitive functions were evaluated through Mini-Mental State Examination (Global Cognition), Digit Span Forward (short-term memory), Digit Span Backward (working memory), Verbal Fluency Test (semantic memory/executive function). Data were compared using parametric and non-parametric bivariate tests. Binary logistic regression was used to test a frailty prediction model. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.01 to compare groups. In the regression model, the p value was set to be ≤0.05.Results:Statistically significant differences were observed in global cognition, and short-term memory between frail and prefrail individuals (p ≤ 0.01). Global cognition explained 14–19% of frailty's model.Conclusion:According to our findings, the evaluation of cognitive functions among older persons with frailty and prefrailty provides important complementary information to better manage frailty and its progression.

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