Increasing Postearthquake Field Mapping Efficiency with Optical Image Correlation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Morelan ◽  
Janis L. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Fault Surface ◽  
Infrastructure Repair

ABSTRACT Mapping fault surface rupture in the aftermath of earthquakes quickly and efficiently is critical to both emergency responders and scientific investigations. We applied an optical imagery correlation technique to map, in detail, the location (not magnitude of displacement) of the surface-rupture trace of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence to help provide field responders with information to guide response. Emergency managers need to know the location and amount of deformation that has occurred to effectively allocate resources for critical infrastructure repair as soon as possible after earthquakes. Scientific responders need to know the spatial pattern of deformation to determine where to send field teams to conduct scientific reconnaissance and to found later in-depth scientific research. Rapid scientific response is important because earthquake surface ruptures are often fragile features that do not persist in the landscape for more than a few weeks or months at locations with high anthropogenic or climatic modification. Remote sensing techniques have proven effective at aiding event response efforts by guiding field teams to locations with deformation and damage. We focus here on the utility and advantages of detailed remote sensing interpretations of the surface-rupture trace made using an optical image correlation map of relative surface displacement in the weeks after the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence.

scholarly journals Hazard Implications of the 2016 Mw 5.0 Cushing, OK Earthquake from a Joint Analysis of Damage and InSAR Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Barba-Sevilla ◽  
Bridger Baird ◽  
Abbie Liel ◽  
Kristy Tiampo
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
The Impact

The Cushing Hub in Oklahoma, one of the largest oil storage facilities in the world, is federally designated as critical national infrastructure. In 2014, the formerly aseismic city of Cushing experienced a Mw 4.0 and 4.3 induced earthquake sequence due to wastewater injection. Since then, an M4+ earthquake sequence has occurred annually (October 2014, September 2015, November 2016). Thus far, damage to critical infrastructure has been minimal; however, a larger earthquake could pose significant risk to the Cushing Hub. In addition to inducing earthquakes, wastewater injection also threatens the Cushing Hub through gradual surface uplift. To characterize the impact of wastewater injection on critical infrastructure, we use Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR), a satellite radar technique, to observe ground surface displacement in Cushing before and during the induced Mw 5.0 event. Here, we process interferograms of Single Look Complex (SLC) radar data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite. The preearthquake interferograms are used to create a time series of cumulative surface displacement, while the coseismic interferograms are used to invert for earthquake source characteristics. The time series of surface displacement reveals 4–5.5 cm of uplift across Cushing over 17 months. The coseismic interferogram inversion suggests that the 2016 Mw 5.0 earthquake is shallower than estimated from seismic inversions alone. This shallower source depth should be taken into account in future hazard assessments for regional infrastructure. In addition, monitoring of surface deformation near wastewater injection wells can be used to characterize the subsurface dynamics and implement measures to mitigate damage to critical installations.

Remote-sensing techniques for analysing landslide kinematics: a review

2007 ◽  
Vol 178 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Delacourt ◽  
Pascal Allemand ◽  
Etienne Berthier ◽  
Daniel Raucoules ◽  
Bérangère Casson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions

Abstract Surface displacement field of landslides is a key parameter to access to their geometries and mechanical properties. Surface displacements can be calculated using remote-sensing methods such as interferometry for radar data and image correlation for optical data. These methods have been elaborated this last decade and successfully applied on sensors (radar, cameras, terrestrial 3D laser scanner imaging) either attached to space or aerial platforms such as satellites, planes, and unmanned radio-controlled platforms (drones and helicopters) or settled at fixed positions emplaced in the front of landslides. This paper reviews the techniques of image analysis (interferometry and optical data correlation) to measure displacements and examines the performance of each type of platforms. Examples of applications of these techniques in French South Alps are shown. Depending on the landslide characteristics (exposure conditions, size, velocity) as well as the goal of the study (operational or scientific purpose), one or a combination of several techniques and data (characterized by several resolution, accuracy, covered surface, revisiting time) have to be used. Radar satellite data processed with differential interferometric or PS methods are mainly suitable for scientific purposes due to various application limitations in mountainous area. Optical satellite and aerial images can be used for scientific studies at fairly high resolution but are strongly dependant on atmospheric conditions. Platforms and sensors such as drone, fixed camera, fixed radar and Lidar have the advantage of high adaptability. They can be used to obtain very high resolution and precise 3D data (of centimetric accuracy) suitable for both scientific and operational purposes.

Comparison between the coseismic surface displacement during the 29 December 2020 Mw 6.4 Petrinja earthquake (Croatia) from optical image correlation and long-term geomorphological observations of cumulative displacements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Henriquet ◽  
Adrien Moulin ◽  
Matija Vukovski ◽  
Branko Kordić ◽  
Marko Budić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Event Image

<p>The Petrinja-Pokupsko fault-system is a NW-SE right-lateral fault system that ruptured during the 29 December 2020 Mw 6.4 earthquake (~40km south-east of Zagreb, Croatia). Field analysis revealed opening of cracks and offsets of several centimeters (3 to 40 cm) along a ~20 km long fault zone extending from the Kupa river (in the northwest) to the Petrinjčica river (in the southeast). Optical image correlation based on WorldView satellite images has been used to document the first-order near-field rupture signal. The pre-event image was acquired on 7th December 2017, and the post-event image on 15th January 2021. The first results indicate a right-lateral displacement of ≈75 cm with a small (<10 cm) extensional dip-slip component localized on the Petrinja fault. Using 1:5,000 topographic maps, a WorldView-derived DEM (1 m), and field observations, we identified and quantified cumulative dextral offsets along the central and southern section of the fault (south of Župić). Right-lateral offsets range from 5 to 200 m near Križ and Cepeliš (central sector). Diverted streams also extend southeast of the Petrinjčica river, where no surface ruptures have currently been reported to date. To the northwest, perched valleys, wind gaps, and karst features all testify to ongoing uplift across NW-SE-trending anticlines. It is unclear if the primary component of faulting changes from strike-slip (in the SE) to reverse (in the NW), or if these folds merely record a transpressive component across the fault. The activity of this fault system is poorly known. The region experienced a magnitude Mw 5.8 in 1909, ~30 km northwest of Petrinja, which may have been associated with the Petrinja-Pokupsko fault system. The recent 29 December 2020 earthquake confirms the seismic potential of this fault system to generate Mw>6 earthquakes. Since the fault extends farther NW and SE, from the Vukomeričke Gorice hills to Mount Kozara (Bosnia), for a total length of about 100 km, it could generate potentially larger events. It is also noteworthy that the 2020 Petrinja event occurred only 9 months after the Zagreb March 2020 (Mw 5.3) earthquake. This event occurred on an ENE-WSW-trending thrust fault, broadly orthogonal to the right-lateral Petrinja-Pokupsko fault system, ~45 km north of Petrinja, and raises the prospect of potential interplay between strike-slip and thrust faults in moderate strain-rate intra-plate settings. To address this problem, future works will aim at constraining the geometry of this fault network and its seismogenic potential.</p>

Liquefaction-Induced Horizontal Displacements from the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in New Zealand Measured from Remote Sensing Techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1475-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Rathje ◽  
Sorin S. Secara ◽  
Jonathan G. Martin ◽  
Sjoerd van Ballegooy ◽  
James Russell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Canterbury Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Image Pairs ◽  
Horizontal Displacements

Using satellite image pairs from the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) in New Zealand, optical image correlation is used to measure horizontal displacements due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Horizontal displacements as small as 0.2 to 0.3 m are accurately measured by optical image correlation at a spatial resolution of less than 20 m. Comparisons with field survey measurements of horizontal displacement are favorable, but some differences are observed due to the different spatial scales of the measurements. Liquefaction-induced horizontal displacements derived from LIDAR surveys are similar to those from optical image correlation, but in some locations the LIDAR measurements are inaccurate due to limitations in the LIDAR survey acquisition methodology used. This paper demonstrates that optical image correlation from satellite image pairs can be used to create more complete databases of liquefaction-induced horizontal movements, which can be used to improve current predictive models for liquefaction-induced horizontal displacements. Future post-earthquake investigations and research should make use of optical image correlation to document the horizontal displacements associated with liquefaction.

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