Comparison between the coseismic surface displacement during the 29 December 2020 Mw 6.4 Petrinja earthquake (Croatia) from optical image correlation and long-term geomorphological observations of cumulative displacements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Henriquet ◽  
Adrien Moulin ◽  
Matija Vukovski ◽  
Branko Kordić ◽  
Marko Budić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Event Image

<p>The Petrinja-Pokupsko fault-system is a NW-SE right-lateral fault system that ruptured during the 29 December 2020 Mw 6.4 earthquake (~40km south-east of Zagreb, Croatia). Field analysis revealed opening of cracks and offsets of several centimeters (3 to 40 cm) along a ~20 km long fault zone extending from the Kupa river (in the northwest) to the Petrinjčica river (in the southeast). Optical image correlation based on WorldView satellite images has been used to document the first-order near-field rupture signal. The pre-event image was acquired on 7th December 2017, and the post-event image on 15th January 2021. The first results indicate a right-lateral displacement of ≈75 cm with a small (<10 cm) extensional dip-slip component localized on the Petrinja fault. Using 1:5,000 topographic maps, a WorldView-derived DEM (1 m), and field observations, we identified and quantified cumulative dextral offsets along the central and southern section of the fault (south of Župić). Right-lateral offsets range from 5 to 200 m near Križ and Cepeliš (central sector). Diverted streams also extend southeast of the Petrinjčica river, where no surface ruptures have currently been reported to date. To the northwest, perched valleys, wind gaps, and karst features all testify to ongoing uplift across NW-SE-trending anticlines. It is unclear if the primary component of faulting changes from strike-slip (in the SE) to reverse (in the NW), or if these folds merely record a transpressive component across the fault. The activity of this fault system is poorly known. The region experienced a magnitude Mw 5.8 in 1909, ~30 km northwest of Petrinja, which may have been associated with the Petrinja-Pokupsko fault system. The recent 29 December 2020 earthquake confirms the seismic potential of this fault system to generate Mw>6 earthquakes. Since the fault extends farther NW and SE, from the Vukomeričke Gorice hills to Mount Kozara (Bosnia), for a total length of about 100 km, it could generate potentially larger events. It is also noteworthy that the 2020 Petrinja event occurred only 9 months after the Zagreb March 2020 (Mw 5.3) earthquake. This event occurred on an ENE-WSW-trending thrust fault, broadly orthogonal to the right-lateral Petrinja-Pokupsko fault system, ~45 km north of Petrinja, and raises the prospect of potential interplay between strike-slip and thrust faults in moderate strain-rate intra-plate settings. To address this problem, future works will aim at constraining the geometry of this fault network and its seismogenic potential.</p>

Numerical simulation of structural growth in the Lebanese restraining bends, Dead Sea fault system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Fedorik ◽  
Francesco E. Maesano ◽  
Abdulkader M. Alafifi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Boundary Element Methods ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Restraining Bend

<p>Strike-slip structures are rarely validated because commonly used 2D restoration techniques are not applicable. Here we present the results of 3D numerical simulation of the restraining bends in Lebanon using boundary element methods of fault deformation implemented in MOVE™. The Lebanon restraining bend is the largest transpressional feature along the Dead Sea Transform (DST), and consists of two mountain ranges: Mount Lebanon on the west, dominated by the active Yammouneh fault, and the Anti-Lebanon Range to the east, influenced by the Serghaya and other faults. We built a new 3D geometrical model of the fault surfaces based on previous mapping of faults onshore and offshore Lebanon, complemented by interpretation of satellite images and DEM, and analogy with experimental models of restraining bend or transpressional structures. The model was simulated in response to the regional stress produced by the left-lateral displacement of the Arabian plate. The simulation accurately predicted the shape and magnitude of positive and negative topographic changes and faults slip directions throughout Lebanon. Furthermore, this simulation supports the hypothesis that the formation of the Anti-Lebanon Range was influenced by the intersection of the DST with the older Palmyrides belt, resulting in failed restraining bend. In contrast, the structure of Mt. Lebanon is similar to laboratory experiments of a restraining bend without inheritance. In addition, our simulation presents an approach of how strike-slip structural models may be validated in areas where subsurface data are limited.</p>

scholarly journals Deformation associated with sliver transport in Costa Rica: seismic and geodetic observations of the July 2016 Bijagua earthquake sequence

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 585-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C Araya ◽  
Juliet Biggs
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Central American ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Aseismic Slip ◽  
Volcanic Arc ◽  
Forearc Sliver

SUMMARY Tectonic slivers form in the overriding plate in regions of oblique subduction. The inner boundaries of the sliver are often poorly defined and can consist of well-defined faults, rotating blocks or diffuse fault systems, which pass through or near the volcanic arc. The Guanacaste Volcanic Arc Sliver (GVAS) as defined by Montero et al., is a segment of the Central American Forearc Sliver, whose inner boundary is the ∼87-km-long Haciendas-Chiripa fault system (HCFS), which is located ∼10 km behind the volcanic arc and consists of strike slip faults and pull apart steps. We characterize the current ground motion on this boundary by combining earthquake locations and focal mechanisms of the 2016 Bijagua earthquake sequence, with the surface ground deformation obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images from the ALOS-2 satellite. The coseismic stack of interferograms show ∼6 cm of displacement towards the line of sight of the satellite between the Caño Negro fault and the Upala fault, indicating uplift or SE horizontal surface displacement. The largest recorded earthquake of the sequence was Mw 5.4, and the observed deformation is one of the smallest earthquakes yet detected by InSAR in the Central American region. Forward and inverse models show the surface deformation can be partially explained by slip on a single fault, but it can be better explained by slip along two faults linked at depth. The best-fitting model consists of 0.33 m of right lateral slip on the Caño Negro fault and 0.35 m of reverse slip on the Upala fault, forming a positive flower structure. As no reverse seismicity was recorded, we infer the slip on the Upala fault occurred aseismically. Observations of the Bijagua earthquake sequence suggests the forearc sliver boundary is a complex and diffuse fault system. There are localized zones of transpression and transtension and areas where there is no surface expression suggesting the fault system is not yet mature. Although aseismic slip is common on subduction interfaces and mature strike-slip faults, this is the first study to document aseismic slip on a continental tectonic sliver boundary fault.

Walker Creek fault zone, central Rocky Mountains, British Columbia-southern continuation of the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench fault zone

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1259-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E McMechan
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Shear Bands ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Fold And Thrust Belt ◽  
Slip Displacement

Walker Creek fault zone (WCFZ), well exposed in the western Rocky Mountains of central British Columbia near 54°, comprises a 2 km wide zone of variably deformed Neoproterozoic and Cambrian strata in fault-bounded slivers and lozenges. Extensional shear bands, subhorizontal extension lineations, slickensides, mesoscopic shear bands, and other minor structures developed within and immediately adjacent to the fault zone consistently indicate right-lateral displacement. Offset stratigraphic changes in correlative Neoproterozoic strata indicate at least 60 km of right-lateral displacement across the zone. WCFZ is the southern continuation of the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench (NRMT) fault zone. It shows a through going, moderate displacement, strike-slip fault system structurally links the NRMT and the north-central part of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench. Strike-slip motion on the WCFZ occurred in the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene at the same time as northeast-directed shortening in the fold-and-thrust belt. Thus, oblique convergence in the eastern part of the south-central Canadian Cordillera was apparently resolved into parallel northwest-striking zones of strike-slip and thrust faulting during the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene. The change in the net Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene displacement direction for rocks in the Rocky Mountain trenches from north (56-54°N) to northeast (52-49°N) suggests that the disappearance of strike-slip displacement and increase in fold-and-thrust belt shortening in the eastern Cordillera between 56° and 49°N is largely the result of a north-south change in relative plate motion or strain partitioning across the Cordillera, rather than the southward transformation of right-lateral strike-slip displacement on the Tintina - NRMT fault system into compressional deformation.

Rupture Process of the M 6.5 Stanley, Idaho, Earthquake Inferred from Seismic Waveform and Geodetic Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred F. Pollitz ◽  
William C. Hammond ◽  
Charles W. Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Aftershock Activity ◽  
Lateral Strike Slip ◽  
Seismic Waveforms ◽  
The North ◽  
Seismic Waveform ◽  
Data Yield

Abstract The 2020 M 6.5 Stanley, Idaho, earthquake produced rupture in the north of the active Sawtooth fault in the northern basin and range at depth, without any observable surface rupture. Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data yield several millimeters of static offsets out to ∼100  km from the rupture and up to ∼0.1  m of near-field crustal deformation. We combine the GPS and InSAR data with long-period regional seismic waveforms to derive models of kinematic slip and afterslip. We find that the coseismic rupture is complex, likely involving up to 2 m combined left-lateral strike slip and normal slip on a previously unidentified ∼south-southeast-striking fault. This slip is predominantly left-lateral strike slip, different from the dominant east-northeast–west-northwest normal faulting of the region. At least one ∼northeast-trending fault, likely associated with the Trans-Challis fault system, is inferred to have accommodated a few decimeters of right-lateral afterslip, consistent with vigorous aftershock activity at depth along northeast-trending lineations.

scholarly journals Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Zampieri ◽  
Paola Vannoli ◽  
Pierfrancesco Burrato
Keyword(s):  
Active Faults ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Thrust Belt ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Slip Activity ◽  
Moderate Seismicity ◽  
Northern Segment

Abstract. We make a thorough review of geological and seismological data on the long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System (SVFS) in northern Italy and present for it a geodynamic and seismotectonic interpretation. The SVFS is a major and high angle structure transverse to the mean trend of the Eastern Southern Alps fold-and-thrust belt, and the knowledge of this structure is deeply rooted in the geological literature and spans for more than a century and a half. The main fault of the SVFS is the Schio-Vicenza Fault (SVF), which has a significant imprint in the landscape across the Eastern Southern Alps and the Veneto-Friuli foreland. The SVF can be divided into a northern segment, extending into the chain north of Schio and mapped up to the Adige Valley, and a southern one, coinciding with the SVF proper. The latter segment borders to the east the Lessini, Berici Mts. and Euganei Hills block, separating this foreland structural high from the Veneto-Friuli foreland, and continues southeastward beneath the recent sediments of the plain via the blind Conselve-Pomposa fault. The structures forming the SVFS have been active with different tectonic phases and different style of faulting at least since the Mesozoic, with a long-term dip-slip component of faulting well defined and, on the contrary, the horizontal component of the movement not well constrained. The SVFS interrupts the continuity of the Eastern Southern Alps thrust fronts in the Veneto sector, suggesting that it played a passive role in controlling the geometry of the active thrust belt and possibly the current distribution of seismic release. As a whole, apart from moderate seismicity along the northern segment and few geological observations along the southern one, there is little evidence to constrain the recent activity of the SVFS. In this context, the SVFS, and specifically its SVF strand, has been referred to as a sinistral strike-slip boundary of the northeastern Adriatic indenter. The review of the historical and instrumental seismicity along the SVFS shows that it does not appear to have generated large earthquakes during the last few hundred years. The moderate seismicity point to a dextral strike-slip activity, which is also corroborated by the field analysis of antithetic Riedel structures of the fault cropping out along the northern segment. Conversely, the southern segment shows geological evidence of sinistral strike-slip activity. The geological and seismological apparently conflicting data can be reconciled considering the faulting style of the southern segment as driven by the indentation of the Adriatic plate, while the opposite style along the northern segment can be explained in a sinistral opening "zipper" model, where intersecting pairs of simultaneously active faults with different sense of shear merge into a single fault system via a zippered section.

Increasing Postearthquake Field Mapping Efficiency with Optical Image Correlation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Morelan ◽  
Janis L. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Fault Surface ◽  
Infrastructure Repair

ABSTRACT Mapping fault surface rupture in the aftermath of earthquakes quickly and efficiently is critical to both emergency responders and scientific investigations. We applied an optical imagery correlation technique to map, in detail, the location (not magnitude of displacement) of the surface-rupture trace of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence to help provide field responders with information to guide response. Emergency managers need to know the location and amount of deformation that has occurred to effectively allocate resources for critical infrastructure repair as soon as possible after earthquakes. Scientific responders need to know the spatial pattern of deformation to determine where to send field teams to conduct scientific reconnaissance and to found later in-depth scientific research. Rapid scientific response is important because earthquake surface ruptures are often fragile features that do not persist in the landscape for more than a few weeks or months at locations with high anthropogenic or climatic modification. Remote sensing techniques have proven effective at aiding event response efforts by guiding field teams to locations with deformation and damage. We focus here on the utility and advantages of detailed remote sensing interpretations of the surface-rupture trace made using an optical image correlation map of relative surface displacement in the weeks after the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence.

scholarly journals Post-Devonian movement on the Fredericton Fault and tectonic activity in the New Brunswick Platform, central New Brunswick, Canada

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-241
Author(s):  
Adrian F. Park ◽  
Steven J. Hinds
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
New England ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Slip History ◽  
Royal Road

The Norumbega Fault system is traced from southern New England to Prince Edward Island, and its major strike-slip history is pre-Carboniferous. Carboniferous and later movements are less well constrained. Along the Fredericton Fault in western New Brunswick, offsets affect outcrops of Carboniferous strata in several ways. Revision of Carboniferous stratigraphy in this area using new miospore data and mapping of new exposures augmented by LiDAR imagery permits refinement of some of the post-Devonian movement history. The oldest post-Silurian unit recognized, the Longs Creek Formation, is fault-dissected and tightly folded, with faults and folds overlapped by the unconformity at the base of the upper Visean Shin Formation. The age of the Longs Creek Formation is uncertain and may be late Devonian to early Visean. Faults affecting the Shin Formation and Royal Road basalts are truncated by the unconformity at the base of the Bolsovian Minto Formation. Beneath this unconformity the presence of fault-bounded panels of vertical Langsettian strata (Boss Point and Deerwood formations) along the Fredericton Fault demonstrate late Visean to Serpukhovian, and post-Langsettian, pre-Bolsovian (Duckmantian) movements. At least three phases of movement can be seen affecting the Minto Formation. All the movement phases along the Fredericton Fault appear to be right-lateral strike-slip, except for one phase of post-Bolsovian left-lateral displacement.

Surface faulting during the 29 December 2020 Mw 6.4 Petrinja earthquake (Croatia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Boncio ◽  
Sara Amoroso ◽  
Jure Atanackov ◽  
Stéphane Baize ◽  
Josip Barbača ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Lateral Strike Slip ◽  
Main Fault ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
Water Pipeline ◽  
Measured Displacement ◽  
Lateral Offset

<p>The 29 December 2020, Mw 6.4 Petrinja earthquake nucleated at a depth of ~10 km in the Sisak-Moslavina County in northern Croatia, ~6 km WSW of the Petrinja town. Focal mechanisms, aftershocks distribution, and preliminary Sentinel-1 InSAR interferogram suggest that the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip Pokupsko-Petrinja fault was the source of this event.<br>The Croatian Geological Survey, joined by a European team of earthquake geologists from France, Slovenia and Italy, performed a prompt systematic survey of the area to map the surface effects of the earthquake. The field survey was guided by geological maps, preliminary morphotectonic mapping based on 1:5,000 topographical maps and InSAR interferogram. Locally, field mapping was aided by drone survey.<br>We mapped unambiguous evidence of surface faulting at several sites between Župić to the NW and Hrastovica to the SE, in the central part of the Pokupsko-Petrinja fault, for a total length of ~6.5 km. This is probably a minimum length since several portions of the fault have not been explored yet, and in part crossing forbidden uncleared minefields. Surface faulting was observed on anthropic features (roads, walls) and on Quaternary sediments (soft colluvium and alluvium) and Miocene bedrock (calcarenites). The observed ruptures strike mostly NW-SE, with evidences of strike-slip right-lateral displacement and zones of extension (opening) or contraction (small pressure ridges, moletracks) at<br>local bends of the rupture trace. Those ruptures are interpreted as evidences of coseismic surface faulting (primary effects) as they affect the morphology independently from the slope direction. Ground failures due to gravitational sliding and liquefaction occurrences were also observed, mapped and interpreted as secondary effects (see Amoroso et al., and Vukovski et al., this session). SE of Križ, the rupture broke a water pipeline with a right-lateral offset of several centimetres. Measured right-lateral net displacement varies from a few centimetres up to ~35 cm. A portion of the maximum measured displacement could be due to afterlisp, as it was mapped several days after the main shock. Hybrid surface ruptures (shear plus opening and liquefaction), striking SW-NE, with cm-size left-lateral strike-slip offsets were mapped on the northern side of the Petrinja town, ~3 km NE of the main fault.<br>Overall, the rupture zone appears discontinuous. Several factors might be inferred to explain this pattern such as incomplete mapping of the rupture, inherited structural discontinuities within the Pokupsko-Petrinja fault system, or specific mechanical properties of the Neogene-Quaternary strata</p>

Characterizing near‐field surface deformation in the 1990 Rudbar earthquake (Iran) using optical image correlation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmeh Ajorlou ◽  
James Hollingsworth ◽  
Zahra Mousavi ◽  
Abdolreza Ghods ◽  
Zohreh Masoumi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Image Correlation
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