scholarly journals Estudo sobre o alçamento de vogais médias pretônicas e os itens lexicais*

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (29) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Maria Do Carmo Viegas
Keyword(s):  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Belo Horizonte

<p>O objetivo principal deste trabalho é discutir dois modelos teóricos da mudança lingüística, o modelo neogramático e o modelo difusionista, tendo como ponto de partida a análise do processo de alçamento (ou alteamento) de vogais médias pretônicas no português falado na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Observei que alguns itens lexicais que foram considerados alçados na literatura não deveriam ser assim considerados, pois poderiam ter sido incorporados ao léxico português com a vogai já alta. Observei ainda que o processo de alçamento é bastante regular nas suas etapas iniciais. Esta afirmação não exclui a seletividade lexical, que foi evidenciada em várias etapas do processo de alçamento. Os primeiros itens atingidos pelo processo foram os itens transmitidos, mais familiares, usados no dia-a-dia, com ambiente de harmonização vocálica, mais nitidamente caracterizado no caso do /e/. Posteriormente o processo adquiriu estigma, associado aos grupos sociais que o utilizavam. O alçamento foi usado indicando desprestígio, atribuindo valor pejorativo, e os itens usados alçados foram dessa maneira reestruturados (vide o número enorme de itens chulos alçados). Ainda hoje, observamos o alçamento de itens que normalmente não são alçados quando se quer marcar estes itens pejorativamente. Adoto o conceito de léxico "conexionista" conforme proposto por Bybee (1995). Neste modelo de léxico estão previstos vários tipos de processos (assimilação, dissimilação, etc.) e está configurada a relação desses processos com o léxico e o seu uso. Opto, portanto, pelo modelo difusionista de mudança lingüística por ser o que descreve e explica melhor os dados aqui levantados.</p> <p> </p> <p>The main purpose of this paper is to make evident that many lexical items of the portuguese language cannot be secn as exceptions to the pretonic mid vowels raising rules as thcy have been considered and that through the residue analysis the remaining exceptions bring out the need of understanding the linguistic change processes as bcing implementcd by lexical diffusion</p>

La influencia de "los de abajo" en tres procesos de cambio lingiiistico en el español de Morelia, Michoacán

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
College Education ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Socioeconomic Group ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socioeconomic Levels

SUMMARY The Impact of "the Underdogs" in Three Processes of Linguistic Change in the Spanish of Morelia, Michoacán This paper deals with the role that the educational and the socioeconomic levels of the speakers play in some processes of linguistic change. Three phenomena of the Spanish grammar in different stages of linguistic change are examined in the light of the data collected among Spanish speakers from Morelia, Michoacan: (a) the opposition "periphrastic/morphological future," (b) the use of pluperfect subjunctive in the apodosis of conditional sentences instead of compound conditional, and (c) the innovative use of the copula estar. Results from the analysis reveal that in the two more advanced change processes (a and b), the lower educational levels and the low socioeconomic group are the leaders, while the group with more formal education and the middle-high socioeconomic group have joined, although with some resistance, the tendency marked by the leader groups. The analysis of the ser/estar opposition evidences an innovative use of the copula estar in the community. This change is in the first stages and consists of an extension of the estar semantic domain. The educational and socioeconomic levels also show differences in the use of this innovative form. Speakers with college education and speakers of the upper-middle socioeconomic group are more resistant to adopt the innovative use. However, speakers with less education and speakers of the low socioeconomic group show a very important proportion of the innovative use. The results found seem to suggest that the size of the group with less education and the size of the low socioeconomic group in communities like the one studied permit the imposition of some changes that are led by them. RESUMO La influo de la "subuloj " en tri procezoj de lingvosangigo en la hispana de Morelia en Michoacdn La artikolo temas pri la rolo de la eduka kaj sociekonomia niveloj de la parolantoj en procezoj de lingvosangigo. La aǔtoro studas tri fenomenojn de la hispana gramatiko en diversaj stadioj de lingvosangigo per faktoj observitaj inter parolantoj de la hispana en Morelia en Michoacán: (1) la alternativo inter helpverba kaj morfologia futuro, (2) la uzo de pluskvamperfekta subjunktivo en la cefpropozicio de kondicaj frazoj anstataǔ la helpverba kondicionalo, kaj (3) la novstila uzo de la kopulo estar. La rezultoj montras, ke en la du pli progresintaj ŝanĝoprocezoj (1 kaj 2), la malpli altaj edukniveloj kaj la malalta sociekonomia grupo gvidas, dum la grupo kun pli da formala edukigo kaj la mezalta sociekonomia grupo postsekvas, ec se kun iom da rezisto, la tendencon indikitan de la gvidantaj grupoj. La analizo de la alternativo ser/estar montras novstilan uzon de estar en la komunumo. Tiu ŝanĝo estas en la komenca stadio kaj konsistas el plivastigo de la signifo de estar. La niveloj kondutas malsame ankaǔ rilate al ĉi tiu novaĵo. Parolantoj kun altlerneja edukigo kaj tiuj el la mezalta sociekonomia grupo rezistas la disvastigon de tiu novstila uzo. Aliflanke parolantoj malpli edukitaj kaj sur malpli alta sociekonomia nivelo uzas la novstilaĵon grandkvante. La trovitaj rezultoj sajnas sugesti, ke pro sia grandeco la malaltaj socigrupoj kapablas en socio kiel la studita esti gvidantaj en sango.

Gender in linguistic change processes

1995 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
Manuel Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Change Processes ◽  
Linguistic Change

scholarly journals /dˤ/-Variation in Saudi Newscasting and Phonological Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Yasser A. Al-Tamimi
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Theory Testing ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Trace Model ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
Explanatory Adequacy ◽  
Lexical Items

In his analysis of /dˤ/-variation in Saudi Arabian newscasting, Al-Tamimi (2020) finds unpredicatble variability between the standard variant [dˤ] and the non-standard variant [&eth;ˤ] in different in-words positions, in different phonetic environments, and in semantically &lsquo;content&rsquo; and suprasegmentally &lsquo;stressed&rsquo; lexical itmes assumed to favor the standard variant. He even finds in many of these lexical items an unusual realizational flucatuation between the two variants. The present exploratory and &lsquo;theory-testing&rsquo; study aims to find a reasonable account for these findings through examining the explanatory adequacy of a number of available phonological theories, notions, models and proposals that have made different attempts to accommodate variation, and this includes Coexistent Phonemic Systems, Standard Generative Phonology, Lexical Diffusion, Variable Rules, Poly-Lectal Grammar, Articulatory Phonology, different versions of the Optimality Theory, in addition to the Multiple-Trace-Model, as represented by Al-Tamimi&rsquo;s (2005) Multiple-Trace-Based Proposal. The study reveals the strengths and weaknesses of these theories in embracing the variability in the data, and concludes that the Multiple-Trace-Based Proposal can relatively offer the best insight as its allows variation to be directly encoded in the underlying representations of lexical items, a status strictly prohibited by the rest of the theories that adopt invariant lexical representations in consonance with the &lsquo;Homogeneity Doctrine&rsquo;.

Lexical acquisition and acquisition of initial voiceless stops

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann A. Tyler ◽  
Mary Louise Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
New Words ◽  
Voicing Contrast ◽  
Voiceless Stop ◽  
Lexical Diffusion ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Production Accuracy

ABSTRACTThe interaction between lexical acquisition and acquisition of initial voiceless stops was studied in two normally developing children, aged 1;9 and 1;10, by acoustically examining the token-by-token accuracy of initial voiceless stop targets in different lexical items. Production accuracy was also examined as it related to the frequency of usage of different words, as well as the time when they entered the children's lexicons. Fewer than half of the words in the children's lexicons had tokens representing the emergence of accurate voiceless stop production prior to the session at which the voicing contrast was achieved. These words were primarily ‘old’ words that had been in the children's lexicons from the beginning of data collection, as opposed to ‘new’ words, first produced in later recording sessions. Findings are discussed in reference to the ‘lexical diffusion’ model of sound change and within the framework of nonlinear underspecification theory.

scholarly journals Motivações semânticas e pragmáticas na mudança gramatical

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Gisele Cássia De Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Formal Identity ◽  
De Se ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
The One ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

<p>O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar a influência de fatores semânticos e pragmáticos sobre processos de mudança linguística. O estudo focaliza as orações completivas do português, particularmente a oração introduzida pela conjunção <em>se</em>, forma homônima à conjunção que introduz a oração adverbial condicional. Ao rastrear a origem dessa oração completiva do português, a pesquisa busca explicar as razões da identidade formal entre as duas conjunções observada não só em português, mas na maioria das línguas românicas. Com base em registros de filólogos e romanistas, o estudo revela que a similaridade entre as conjunções se explica pela etimologia da conjunção integrante <em>se</em>, advinda da conjunção latina <em>si </em>que substituiu as partículas interrogativas do latim. Conforme se defende no texto, essa substituição teria sido possível graças a propriedades semânticas e pragmáticas compartilhadas por interrogativas e condicionais. Esses significados e funções comuns entre as duas orações mostram, portanto, que a homonímia entre as formas de condicional e de interrogativa indireta nas línguas românicas não é fortuita. A origem em uma oração condicional, que tem significado basicamente hipotético, explica também por que a completiva introduzida por <em>se </em>do português não se gramaticaliza do mesmo modo que uma completiva introduzida por <em>que</em>. De modo mais amplo, as análises demonstram que fatores de ordem semântica e pragmática podem determinar a trajetória de mudança em que se envolve uma forma linguística. Como conclusão, o estudo enfatiza a importância de se considerarem aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos, paralelamente a aspectos formais, nas pesquisas sobre mudança linguística.</p><p>This paper aims to demonstrate the influence of semantic and pragmatic factors on linguistic change processes. The study focuses on complement clauses in the Portuguese language, particularly the one introduced by the conjunction <em>se </em>(if/whether), which is the homonym of the conjunction that introduces the conditional clause. By tracking the origin of this complement clause in Portuguese, the research seeks to explain the reasons for formal identity between the two conjunctions <em>se </em>observed not only in Portuguese, but also in most Romance languages. Based on statements of philologists and Romanists, this study reveals that the similarity between conjunctions is explained by the etymology of the complementizer <em>se</em>, arising from the Latin conjunction <em>si </em>that replaced the interrogative particles in Latin. As it is argued in the text, this replacement would have been made possible by semantic and pragmatic properties shared by interrogative and conditional clauses. Therefore, these meanings and common features between the two clauses show that the homonym between forms of conditionals and indirect questions in Romance languages is not fortuitous. The origin of a conditional clause, whose meaning is basically a hypothesis, also explains why the completive clause introduced by <em>se </em>in Portuguese is not grammaticalized in the same way as a completive clause introduced by <em>que </em>(that). More broadly, the analyses demonstrate that semantic and pragmatic factors can determine a specific trajectory of change to a linguistic form. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of considering semantic and pragmatic aspects, parallel to formal aspects, in researches on language change.</p>

scholarly journals Lexical Incorporation of Loanwords in the Sengwato Dialect of Setswana

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p100
Author(s):  
Mahmoud S. Al Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Gender Based

This paper reports on the incorporation of lexical items into one of the well-known dialects of Setswana, namely Sengwato. A native speaker of the Sengwato dialect provided much of the data for this study. The data show that borrowings from English and Afrikaans Dutch adhere to the phonological canons of Sengwato via the application of a number of sound change processes such as lenition, fortition, affrication, palatalization and obstruent devoicing to name a few. In addition, the data demonstrate how lexical borrowings undergo gender-based classification when incorporated into Sengwato and are categorized into fourteen gender classes identified from the Swadesh list provided by the informant. The paper discusses how the semantic content of loanwords plays a vital role in their incorporation into the Sengwato dialect.

Pyrotechnic Residues in Gunshot Residue Analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
H. M. Sagara ◽  
S. A. Schliebe ◽  
M. C. Kong
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Gunshot Residue ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Smokeless Powder ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Detailed List

Particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x- ray analysis is one of the current methods used in crime laboratories to aid law enforcement in identifying individuals who have recently fired or handled a firearm. During the discharge of a firearm, the high pressure caused by the detonation of the cartridge materials forces a portion of the generated gases through leaks in the firing mechanism of the weapon. These gases contain residues of smokeless powder, primer mixture, and contributions from the projectile itself. The condensation of these hot gases form discrete, micrometer-sized particles, which can be collected, along with dry skin cells, salts, and other hand debris, from the hands of a shooter by a simple adhesive lift technique. The examination of the carbon-coated adhesive lifts consist of time consuming systematic searches for high contrast particles of spherical morphology with the characteristic elemental composition of antimony, barium and lead. A detailed list of the elemental compositions which match the criteria for gunshot residue are discussed in the Aerospace report.

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

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