High-speed broadband access is low in rural areas

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Broadband Access

scholarly journals Canada Must Make Broadband Infrastructure a Priority

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Matear
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Large Bande ◽  
Implementation Barriers ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Internet Connectivity ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Essential Service

Abstract: This article argues that just as universal access to traditional communications media, such as the post office and the telephone, is considered an essential service, so also should access to high-speed Internet, particularly in areas that currently lack the infrastructure to make this possible. This paper illustrates the need for high-speed Internet connectivity, or broadband access, in remote and rural areas of Canada. The article outlines the rationale for establishing high-speed access throughout Canada and provides an overview of infrastructure implementation barriers faced by the private and public sectors. It concludes with a discussion of the ways in which community-based networks could play a role in the strategic planning, implementation, and application of broadband infrastructure. Résumé : Cet article soutient que, de la même manière que l'on en est venu à considérer comme essentiel l'accès universel aux médias de communication traditionnels comme la poste et le téléphone, on devrait considérer comme essentiel l'accès à Internet à haute vitesse, particulièrement dans les régions qui n'ont pas encore une infrastructure de base pour Internet. Cet article explique le besoin d'une connectivité Internet à haute vitesse ou à large bande dans les régions isolées et rurales du Canada. Il justifie pourquoi il est raisonnable d'établir l'accès à haute vitesse partout au Canada et offre une vue d'ensemble sur les barrières que les secteurs public et privé doivent surmonter avant de pouvoir instaurer une infrastructure. Il conclut en discutant comment les réseaux communautaires pourraient jouer un rôle dans la planification, l'établissement et le maintien d'une infrastructure à large bande.

Entrepreneurship, Broadband, and Gender: Evidence from Establishment Births in Rural America

2021 ◽  
pp. 016001762110187
Author(s):  
Tessa Conroy ◽  
Sarah A. Low
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Business Size ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Instrumental Variable Approach

Broadband access may have important implications for establishment births in rural areas, which feature thinner markets. Broadband may be especially important for rural nonemployer businesses, particularly those without a storefront, for access to nontraditional market channels. As women are more likely to run these types of small businesses, we further expect that broadband may have important implications for women-led businesses. With an effective instrumental variable approach, we find evidence that broadband access is a key factor leading to a higher establishment birth rate across business size and gender in rural areas. This paper identifies the largest effects on nonemployer, women-led and remote rural establishments.

scholarly journals Prenatal Telehealth During the Pandemic: Sociodemographic and Clinical Associations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Gao ◽  
Sarah Osmundson ◽  
Bradley Malin ◽  
You Chen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
State Level ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Access Barriers ◽  
Hispanic Patients

Objectives: Like other areas of care affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth (both audio and video) was rapidly adopted in the obstetric setting. We performed a retrospective analysis of electronic health record (EHR) data to characterize the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with telehealth utilization among patients who received prenatal care. Materials and Methods: The study period covered March 23rd, 2020 to July 2nd, 2020, during which time 2,521 patients received prenatal care at a large academic medical center. We applied a generalized logistic regression to measure the relationship between the patients’ sociodemographic factors (in terms of age, race, ethnicity, urbanization level, and insurance type), pregnancy complications (namely, type 2 diabetes, chronic hypertension, and fetal growth restriction), and telehealth usage, as documented in the EHR. Results: During the study period, 2,521 patients had 16,516 prenatal care visits. 938 (37.2%) of the patients participated in at least one of 1,934 virtual prenatal care visits. Prenatal visits were more likely to be conducted through telehealth for patients who were older than 25 years old and lived in rural areas. In addition, patients who were with type 2 diabetes were more likely to use telehealth in their prenatal care (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 7.247 [95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 4.244 – 12.933]). By contrast, patients from racial and ethnic minority groups were less likely to have a telehealth encounter compared to white or non-Hispanic patients (aOR 0.603 [95% CI 0.465 – 0.778] and aOR 0.663 [95% CI 0.471 – 0.927], respectively). Additionally, patients who were on state-level Medicaid were less likely to use telehealth (aOR 0.495 [95% CI 0.402 – 0.608]). Discussion: Disparities in telehealth use for prenatal care suggest further investigations into access barriers. Hispanic patients who had low English language proficiency may not willing to see doctors via virtual care. Availability of high-speed internet and/or hardware may hold these patients who were insured through state-level Medicaid back due to poverty. Future work is advised to minimize access barriers to telehealth in its implementation. Conclusions: While telehealth expanded prenatal care access for childbearing women during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study suggested that there were non-trivial differences in the demographics of patients who utilized such settings.

High Speed Packet Access Broadband Mobile Communications

2009 ◽  
pp. 595-604
Author(s):  
Athanassios C. Iossifides ◽  
Spiros Louvros
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Mobile Wimax ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Mobile Broadband ◽  
History Of ◽  
Broadband Market

Mobile broadband communications systems have already become a fact during the last few years. The evolution of 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) towards HSDPA/HSUPA systems have already posed a forceful solution for mobile broadband and multimedia services in the market, making a major step ahead of the main competitive technology, that is, WiMax systems based on IEEE 802.16 standard. According to the latest analyses (GSM Association, 2007; Little, 2007), while WiMax has gained considerable attention the last few years, HSPA is expected to dominate the mobile broadband market. The main reasons behind this forecast are: • HSPA is already active in a significant number of operators and is going to be established for the majority of mobile broadband networks worldwide over the next five years, while commercial WiMax systems are only making their first steps. • Mobile WiMax is a competitive technology for selection by operators in only a limited number of circumstances where conditions are favourable. Future mobile WiMax systems may potentially achieve higher data transfer rates than HSPA, though cell coverage for these rates is expected to be substantially smaller. In addition, WiMax technology is less capable in terms of voice traffic capacity, thus limiting market size and corresponding revenues. • In order to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages, WiMax commercial launches are expected to introduce a relative CAPEX disadvantage of at least 20–50% comparing to HSPA, in favorable cases, while there are indications of an increase by up to 5–10 times when accounting for rural areas deployments. The short commercial history of HSDPA (based on Rel.5 specifications of 3GPP) started in December of 2005 (first wide scale launch by Cingular Wireless, closely followed by Manx Telecom and Telekom Austria). Bite Lietuva (Lithuania) was the first operator that launched 3.6 Mbps. HSUPA was first demonstrated by Mobilkom Austria in November 2006 and soon launched commercially in Italia by 3 in December 2006. Mobilkom Austria launched the combination of HSDPA at 7.2 Mbps and HSUPA in February 2007. By September of 2007, less than two years after the first commercial launch, 141 operators in 65 countries (24 out of 27 in EU) have already gone commercial with HSDPA with 38 operators among them supporting a 3.6 Mbps downlink. In addition, devices supporting HSDPA/HSUPA services are rapidly enriched. 311 devices from 79 suppliers have already been available by September 2007, including handsets, data cards, USB modems, notebooks, wireless routers, and embedded modules (http://hspa.gsmworld.com).

High-speed data services using the Switched Digital Broadband Access System

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto J. La Roche ◽  
Stephen L. Myers ◽  
James P. Runyon ◽  
Gerald S. Soloway ◽  
David W. Spears
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Broadband Access ◽  
Data Services ◽  
Access System ◽  
High Speed Data

Refuting objections to a Global Rural Network (GRNet) for developing nations (originally published in August 2004)

First Monday ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Press
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Developing Nation ◽  
Internet Connectivity

In a previous article, we suggested that it is now time to undertake a Grand Challenge project: providing Internet connectivity for every village in every developing nation. Doing so would require perhaps a decade and billions of dollars for design and planning, procurement, installation and operation. Critics object that such a project would not be worth the effort and investment. This article considers nine objections to such an undertaking. 1. Internet connectivity would be nice, but it is not a high priority. 2. Internet service has been offered in rural areas of developing nations, and there is little demand for it. 3. There are no applications of interest or value to illiterate rural people who do not speak English. 4. There is no sustainable business model. 5. Developing nations lack the people and resources to do research. 6. Even if the world community can justify sponsoring the research leading to a concrete backbone plan, developing nations cannot afford to implement it. 7. Villagers cannot afford to use the network even if the backbone transport and connection are free. 8. Developing nations cannot afford high–speed connectivity — low–cost store–and–forward technology is more appropriate technology for a poor, developing nation. 9. We should focus on cities where there is already demand, not rural areas. We discuss each of these, and conclude with a brief outline of next steps.

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