China: The growth of per capita annual income for rural residents

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Income ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Per Capita

Utilization of Hospital Services by the Elderly: Geriatric Crisis in one Canadian Single Payer System

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bay ◽  
M. J. Long ◽  
J. C. Ross Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Hospital Services ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Single Payer ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relative Utilization

As the number and proportion of elderly persons in the Canadian population increase, utilization of health services by the elderly becomes a growing concern for health service insurers, financial managers and policy makers, as well as for care providers. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study to analyse the use of hospital services by the elderly in Alberta since the introduction of a universal single payer health care insurance system in 1970. The study period coincides with the implementation of publicly-financed comprehensive medical and hospital insurance programmes for all Alberta residents, making it possible to perform historical and population-based utilization analyses. Thus the data used for the study included all hospital discharge abstracts generated by all Alberta hospitals from 1971 to 1991. Trends in hospital service utilization by the elderly in terms of total number of separations, patient-days, and per case measures such as average length of stay as well as per capita utilization rates were reviewed to identify utilization patterns over the study period. Further, relative per capita utilization measures, in comparison with the base year (1971), age group 15–44, male, metropolitan residents, were derived and historical trends identified. A series of regression analyses were carried out to estimate the effects of age, sex and origin on utilization rates. In addition, for the period of 1984–1991, Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) case weights were used to measure per capita and per case rates and to analyse historical relative utilization rates over the 8-year period. In general, there has been a significant decline in hospital utilization by Albertans under the publicly-financed single payer system, but utilization rates for the elderly have remained high, resulting in high relative utilization rates in comparison with other age groups. It was also noted that per capita utilization rates for rural residents were substantially higher than urban residents. It appears that these higher utilization rates by the elderly and rural residents in combination with tight bed and financial control by the government have been causing significant bed shortage problems for non-elderly elective patients in urban areas.

Income and Consumption Expenditure Pattern of Marginal and Small Farmers in Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 619-624
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Expenditure Pattern

The study highlighted the income and consumption pattern of the marginal and small farmers in the three agro-climatic zones of Punjab for 2011-12. It was found that out of the total net family income of these farmers, the majority was earned from crop and dairying, followed by income from non-farm activities. The net per capita annual income of marginal and small farmers was found to be as low as about 15361 and 26625. Corresponding to this, the annual per capita household consumption expenditure was 12144 and 13239. This situation depicted the vulnerability of these farmers to indebtedness in case of unforeseen expenditure situations. Also, there existed an income and consumption disparity in Punjab, whereby the poorer section accounts for less than one-fifth share of the total income and expenditure. There was a need to address the problems of this section in isolation as this section formed the major proportion of the farming population in the state and was most prone to economic misery.

scholarly journals Empirical Analysis of the Status and Influencing Factors of Catastrophic Health Expenditure of Migrant Workers in Western China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Xuewen Zhang ◽  
Longchao Zhao ◽  
Ningxiu Li
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Western China ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Basic Medical Insurance ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Basic Medical

Objective: To understand the current situation and influencing factors of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) of migrant workers in Western China. Method: Sample data were obtained by cluster random sampling. Data were entered and sorted using Epidata 3.1 and SPSS 21.0. The statistical analysis involved a descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, multivariate unconditional logistic regression, and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Results: A total of 1271 households were surveyed, and the incidence of CHE was 12.5% (159/1271). The multivariate logistic regression showed that households with elderly people over 65 years old (0R = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.42–2.97), children under five years old (0R = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.53–4.48), at least one person with no basic medical insurance (0R = 2.96, 95% CI = 2.08–4.23), chronically ill patients (0R = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.23–2.77), and hospitalized patients (0R = 3.61, 95% CI = 2.31–5.62) contributed to the risk of CHE. Compared to migrant workers in the >30,000 Yuan household per capita annual income group, the 10,001–20,000 Yuan income group (0R = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.44–3.82) and ≤10,000 Yuan income group (0R = 3.72, 95% CI = 2.09–6.62) had a higher risk of CHE occurrence. Compared to migrant workers in the university and above head-of-household education group, those in the primary level or below education group (0R = 5.90, 95% CI = 3.02–11.5) had a higher risk of CHE occurrence. MCA revealed a strong interrelationship between the following risk factors and CHE: household per capita annual income ≤10,000 Yuan, primary school education level or below for the head of the household, and having at least one person in the household with no basic medical insurance. Conclusions: CHE incidence amongst migrant workers in Western China is a serious issue, and policymakers should pay more attention to these migrant workers’ households that are more prone to CHE than others, so as to decrease the incidence of CHE in this group.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Food Nitrogen Footprint of Urban and Rural Residents in Shanghai

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Yuling Xia ◽  
Chengsong Liao ◽  
Dianming Wu ◽  
Yanzhuo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
N Management

The food nitrogen (N) footprint reflects the amount of reactive N emission and its impact on the environment as a result of food production and consumption to satisfy the basic food demands of an urban population. The N-Calculator model was used to estimate the food N footprint and its dynamic changes in Shanghai from 2000 to 2017, and the auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model was used to predict the food N footprint in Shanghai from 2018 to 2027. The results show that the food N footprint was higher in urban areas (15.3–18.8 kg N/capita/yr) than rural areas (12.6–17.4 kg N/capita/yr) of Shanghai from 2000 to 2017. The change in the food N footprint was consistent with changes in food consumption in urban and rural areas, and the total food N footprint of urban and rural residents was positively correlated with the per capita disposable income and population whereas it was negatively correlated with the Engel’s Coefficient and price index. It was predicted that the per capita food N footprint will gradually decrease in 2018–2027 in urban areas of Shanghai, but it will generally increase in the rural areas. This study will help to initiate policy interventions for sustainable N management and contribute to the achievement of key sustainable development goals (SDGs).

The effects of financial deepening on income inequality based on grey incidence analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanda Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Financial Deepening ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Incidence Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between income inequality and financial deepening. The majority of theoretical studies on the relationship between them argue that financial deepening has a positive effect on the income inequality. This paper aims to study the case of China, and explores whether the effects of financial deepening on income inequality varies between urban residents and rural residents. Design/methodology/approach – Using the grey incidence analysis, this paper first calculates the degree of grey incidence between dependent variables, i.e. per capita disposable income of urban residents, per capita net income of rural residents and overall Theil Inequality Index for China, and independent variables, depth of credit, depth of direct financing and depth of insurance. Next, multiple non-linear regression is introduced to build the model. With the method of unit root test and co-integration test, some equations are given to show the clear relationship among the variables. Findings – The empirical results indicate that the development of credit market does not have a strong relationship both with the growth of income and income inequality. While the development of both the direct financing market and the insurance market is closely related to the growth of income and income inequality. Originality/value – The results of this paper suggest that the protection of the rights and interests of medium-sized investors is the key for the capital market. Meanwhile, the insurance market should be encouraged to expand in both breadth and depth, which helps to take full advantage of its functions. As for the credit market, more resources should be allocated to those who need them most the small- and medium-sized enterprises, which will contribute to the growth of the income for the majority and narrowing the income gap.

scholarly journals Analysis of the current status and associated factors of tuberculosis knowledge, attitudes, and practices among elderly people in Shenzhen: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunxia Wang ◽  
Yong Gan ◽  
Juanjuan Zhang ◽  
Jinzhou Mei ◽  
Jing Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background The incidence and risk of tuberculosis (TB) among the elderly population have increased with the ageing population in China. This study aimed to assess the current status and associated factors of TB knowledge, attitudes, and practices among elderly people in Shenzhen City, China, which may provide references for the development of TB prevention and treatment policies targeting elderly people. Methods A multistage random sampling method was used to collect data with a self-designed questionnaire from 1078 elderly people (response rate, 90.66%) living in Bao’an District of Shenzhen between September and October 2019. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyse factors associated with TB knowledge, attitudes, and practices among elderly people. Results Among the respondents, 3.13% had previously been treated for TB, and 3.09% of respondents had family members or friends with a previous TB history. The percentages of elderly people who were aware of TB and had positive attitudes and practices regarding TB were 69.23%, 48.87%, and 42.62%, respectively. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that elderly people with a junior high school education or higher, a family annual income per capita of less than 100,000 RMB, a better self-perceived health status, and family members or friends with a previous TB history had higher TB knowledge scores (P < 0.05). Elderly people with medical insurance, a junior high school or higher education, a family annual income per capita of less than 100,000 RMB, and family members and friends with a previous TB history had higher TB attitude scores (P < 0.05). In addition, elderly people who were older, had medical insurance, had a junior high school education or higher, and had a family annual income per capita less than 100,000 RMB had higher TB practice scores (P < 0.05). Conclusions Elderly people were aware of TB, but their positive attitudes and practices were at a low level. Corresponding prevention and treatment policies should be developed according to these influencing factors to reduce the incidence of TB among elderly people and improve their quality of life.

scholarly journals Granger causality between cardiovascular diseases and some macroeconomic indicators: Azerbaijan case

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (33) ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
Madina Yuzbashova
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
Average Annual Income ◽  
Granger Test

Objective: Statistical assessment of the interdependence of CVD indicators on macroeconomic indicators on the example of Azerbaijan. Design: Research design is to test statistical hypotheses about the presence of direct and inverse causal relationships between CDV-indicators and macroeconomic indicators. Baseline and estimated data cover the period from 1991 to 2018 and are based on data from the SSCRA (2019) report. We use paired linear regression in which macroeconomic indicators are independent and CDV indicators are dependent variables. The stationarity of the time series was checked using the ADF test. To investigate the causal relationship between time series, the Granger test was used. Main Outcome Measures: p-level < 0.05; time lags are 1, 2 and 3 years. Results: Absence of direct and inverse causal relationship between CVD indicators and macroeconomic indicators GDP per capita, average annual income households per capita and average annual income households per capita. Conclusions: In the period from 1991 to 2018, the number of CDV deaths in Azerbaijan increased by 1.54. There is a steady increase in CDV diseases by 2.23 times. Despite GDP growth, there is no direct and inverse causal relationship between CVD indicators and macroeconomic indicators in the sense of the Granger test.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfu Shen ◽  
Wai Yan Shum ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Lafang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Regional Income ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Regional Income Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on regional income inequality. We base our study on a sample of 295 prefecture (and above) cities in 31 provinces in China. A distribution dynamics approach is employed to reveal the trend and movement of disposable income per capita in each city before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the period when the COVID-19 was under the control. The findings reveal significant negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020 and show that most cities will converge to a level of disposable income which is much less than the Pre-COVID level if the COVID pandemic persists. Regional income inequality has intensified in the cities that have a longer duration of stringent social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and disappeared in the cities with policies of short duration. Disposable income per capita for urban residents recovered quickly when the transmission of coronavirus was effectively contained; and yet the impact of the pandemic on rural residents remains unresolved, if not intensified. This study demonstrates a significant divergence of the trend of disposable income across cities with different durations of social distancing policies and between urban and rural residents. It also highlights the importance of stringent social distancing policies in containing the spread of virus in a short time and calls for special policy attention for rural regions in the recovery from the COVID-19.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document