Women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s earnings for full-time full-year workers, by educational attainment (2019)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Women's Earnings

scholarly journals The green potential of occupations in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lobsiger ◽  
Christian Rutzer
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Green Potential ◽  
Potential Measure

AbstractWe use a data-driven methodology to quantify the importance of different skills in performing green tasks, aiming to estimate the green potential of occupations in Switzerland. By this we mean the potential of an occupation to be able to perform green tasks on the basis of the skills attributed to it, whereby it is irrelevant whether the occupation already bundles green tasks or not. The results show that occupations with a high green potential are predominantly those with an engineering and technical background. In order to substantiate our green potential measure, we provide evidence of a positive association between demand of employment in occupations with high green potential and an increase in the implicit tax rate on greenhouse gas emissions. The share of employment in occupations with a green potential above a reasonable threshold in the total Swiss labour force is 16.7% (number of persons employed) and 18.8% (full-time equivalents). These employed persons are, on average, younger, more often men, have a higher level of educational attainment and a higher probability of having immigrated than employed persons in occupations with low green potential.

Occupations, age and gender: Men and women’s earnings in the Irish labour market

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-295
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Christine Cross ◽  
Caroline Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

While many studies investigate gender wage disparities, few have examined the impact of gender, education, part-time working and sector on earnings for men and women across different occupational groups and for different age groups. The purpose of this article is to undertake a more nuanced approach to further our understanding of the gender pay difference between men and women in different occupations in order to tackle and close this gap. The study’s findings suggest that the labour market is segmented into primary and secondary jobs. Additionally, the earnings returns for education are generally lower for women compared to men and women appear to fare better in the public sector in terms of a lower earnings gap for full-time and part-time employees and higher returns for education compared to women working in the private sector. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications.

Degrees of Freedom: Do Graduate Women escape the Motherhood Gap in Pensions?

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Ginn ◽  
Sara Arber
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Private Pension ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Pension Coverage ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers’ employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a young graduate mother is likely to maintain almost continuous full time employment, with minimal loss of lifetime earnings and no loss of pension income. This paper uses data from the British General Household Surveys from 1994-1996 to examine how the impact of childrearing on women's full and part time employment, earnings and private pension coverage varies according to educational level. Less than half of women with dependent children were employed full time in all educational groups, including graduates. Even among women graduates, only a third of those with a pre- school child were in full time employment. Motherhood substantially reduced women's earnings and private pension coverage at all educational levels, indicating the scale of losses in lifetime earnings and hence in private pension entitlements. The motherhood gap in private pension coverage was least for graduates and greatest for mid-skilled women but in view of the amount of the motherhood gap among graduates it is concluded that the pension protective effect of a degree for mothers has been overstated.

scholarly journals Interpreting Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of categorical exposures such as disease status and educational attainment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence J Howe ◽  
Matthew Tudball ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Neil M Davies
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Exposure Category ◽  
Sibling Models

AbstractMendelian randomization has been previously used to estimate the effects of binary and ordinal categorical exposures - e.g. type 2 diabetes or educational attainment defined by qualification - on outcomes. Binary and categorical phenotypes can be modelled in terms of liability, an underlying latent continuous variable with liability thresholds separating individuals into categories. Genetic variants typically influence an individual’s categorical exposure via their effects on liability, thus Mendelian randomization analyses with categorical exposures will capture effects of liability which act independent of exposure category.We discuss how groups where the categorical exposure is invariant can be used to detect liability effects acting independently of exposure category. For example, associations between an adult educational attainment polygenic score (PGS) and BMI measured before the minimum school leaving age (e.g. age 10), cannot indicate the effects of years in full-time education on this outcome. Using UK Biobank data, we show that a higher education PGS is strongly associated with lower smoking initiation and higher glasses use at age 15. These associations were replicated in sibling models. An orthogonal approach using the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) policy change found that individuals who chose to remain in education to age 16 before the reform likely had higher liability to educational attainment than those who were compelled to remain in education to 16 after the reform, and had higher income, decreased cigarette smoking, higher glasses use and lower deprivation in adulthood. These results suggest that liability to educational attainment associates with health and social outcomes independent of years in full-time education.Mendelian randomization studies with non-continuous exposures should be interpreted in terms of liability, which may affect the outcome via changes in exposure category and/or independently.

Research Capability, Support, and Difficulties as Viewed among Faculty Members of the University of Bohol

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Leah Wilfreda RE Pilongo
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Research Writing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Survey Form ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The University

Research capability in this study is the potential of individuals or staff in the institution to undertake the rigors of effective, efficient, and high-quality research. This study looked into the challenges that professors may face when conducting research. The study was quantitative in nature employing the survey method. The status of the research capacities of faculty from different departments was described using a standardized survey form. From a total of 296 full-time and part-time faculty of the University in 2017, a random sample of 210 respondents was selected with a +/-3.65% margin of error at a 95% confidence interval. This study protocol passed the review of the University’s Research Ethics Committee. The data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, weighted means, Chi-square, and ANOVA. The findings revealed that the teacher-respondents were relatively young. The results further yielded that the respondents are Moderately Capable of their research capability regarding technical aspects and the major parts of the research paper. As to the other parts of the research paper, they rated themselves as "Capable," as to referencing; teacher respondents rated themselves as "Moderately Capable." Regarding the level of support for the provision of research facilities and resources, respondents rated "Moderately Supportive." When it comes to the levels of difficulty encountered in research writing, respondents perceived it as "Moderately Difficult." Furthermore, results revealed a significant relationship between respondents’ research capability and their age (, sex (, civil status (, highest educational attainment (, number of years in teaching (, and college assignment (.  Respondents’ perception of the degree of research support was also significantly associated with their age (, sex (, civil status (, highest educational attainment (, number of years in teaching (, and college assignment (. Finally, there were no significant variances in the respondents’ research capability (F=0.644, p=.853), and level of research assistance (F=0.895, p=.581) when respondents were classified according to their departmental assignment.

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