Gonadotrophic Hormones – An Overview of their Involvement in Gonadal and Extragonadal Tumours

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilpo Huhtaniemi ◽  
Maria Alevizaki ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Long Time

The concept of the direct involvement of gonadotrophins in tumorigenesis has been around for a long time. First, because the gonads are direct targets of gonadotrophin action, their tumours have been proposed to be gonadotrophin-dependent. Second, the recent findings of gonadotrophin receptors in extragonadal tissues has prompted the hypothesis that some extragonadal tumours (e.g. breast, uterus, prostate, pituitary and adrenal) could also be under the direct regulatory action of gonadotrophins. However, although supported by numerousin vitroexperiments and experimental animal models, the clinical evidence for a direct tumorigenic role of gonadotrophins remains weak. The purpose of this brief review is to present a critical evaluation of current information, both clinical and experimental, about the involvement of gonadotrophins in the induction and growth of gonadal and extragonadal tumours.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of the Ketolides Telithromycin (HMR 3647) and HMR 3004 Compared to Those of Clarithromycin against Slowly Growing Mycobacteria at pHs 6.8 and 7.4

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2848-2852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalin Rastogi ◽  
Khye Seng Goh ◽  
Mylene Berchel ◽  
André Bryskier
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Intracellular Accumulation ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of HMR 3647 (telithromycin) and HMR 3004, two novel semisynthetic ketolides, were investigated and compared with that of the reference macrolide drug, clarithromycin, against 34 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria at pHs 6.8 and 7.4, as determined radiometrically. The MICs at pH 7.4 were about 1 to 2 dilutions lower than those observed at pH 6.8. In terms of the highest to the lowest activity, the three antibiotics could be classified as follows: clarithromycin > HMR 3004 > HMR 3647. Among the species tested, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, M. ulcerans, M. avium, and M. paratuberculosis were moderately susceptible to HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 (MICs at pH 7.4, ≤5.0 and ≤20.0 μg/ml, respectively, versus ≤1.25 μg/ml for clarithromycin), whereas M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis, andM. simiae were resistant (MICs, ≥10.0 and ≥40.0 μg/ml, respectively, at pH 7.4). Although not more active than clarithromycin in vitro, the high level of intracellular accumulation of the two ketolides inside phagocytes warrants further screening in experimental animal models.

scholarly journals The Role of Ultrasound as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool in Experimental Animal Models of Stroke: A Review

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos ◽  
Fernando Laso-García ◽  
Iván García-Suárez ◽  
Luke Diekhorst ◽  
Laura Otero-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Experimental Stroke ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Ultrasound Application

Ultrasound is a noninvasive technique that provides real-time imaging with excellent resolution, and several studies demonstrated the potential of ultrasound in acute ischemic stroke monitoring. However, only a few studies were performed using animal models, of which many showed ultrasound to be a safe and effective tool also in therapeutic applications. The full potential of ultrasound application in experimental stroke is yet to be explored to further determine the limitations of this technique and to ensure the accuracy of translational research. This review covers the current status of ultrasound applied to monitoring and treatment in experimental animal models of stroke and examines the safety, limitations, and future perspectives.

Development of Animal Models, Presenting Appropriate Analogues to Respective Human Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iskra V Sainova
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Normal Mouse ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Cellular Types

The main idea of the current study was directed to developed appropriate experimental animal models, imitating respective systems with the human origin, and giving a possibility when the last is not available, experiments about necessary applications to humans to be performed. So, an additional copy of oncogene Dcn1 in normal mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), was inserted, by appropriate recombinant DNA-constructs, based on the AAV DNA-genome. All derived genetically-manipulated cellular types were co-cultivated with early myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, derived from non-transfected mESCs in the presence of GM-CSF (for induction of initial stages of both myeloid and lymphoid differentiation), and subsequently, malignant antigens were added (about further phagocyte and plasmatic cell differentiation, respectively). The derived and selected mESCs, containing an additionally-inserted copy of oncogene Dcn1, which indicated preserved normal/non-malignant characteristics both in vitro and in vivo, presented appropriate experimental normal mouse cellular analog of the cited in the scientific literature human embryonic trophoblasts, immortalized by infection with virus SV40. Additionally, the results obtained showed a possibility about the expression of membrane receptor glycoproteins by non-lymphoid and non-myeloid cellular types inappropriate conditions. Also, the presented study demonstrated the importance of the blood-testes barrier (BTB) for the prevention of malignancy development in the experimental hamster Graffi tumor model. The role of bio-molecules, as well as of intra- and extra-cellular inter-molecular interactions in cascade regulatory mechanisms, inactivation of the differentiation of embryonic and adult stem/progenitor cells in normal types, as well as for suppression of malignant transformation, was suggested. The established analogy of the developed and investigated in the current study experimental animal models gives a possibility for their application about performing of specific experiments when the respective systems with human origin are not available.

scholarly journals Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (2) ◽  
pp. E405-E422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sooyeon Lee ◽  
Shannon L. Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Production Animals

Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring. It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology, lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to improve the health of mothers and their infants.

Gender-related metabolomics and lipidomics: From experimental animal models to clinical evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Audano ◽  
Mariateresa Maldini ◽  
Emma De Fabiani ◽  
Nico Mitro ◽  
Donatella Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Experimental Animal Models

Methanolic Stem Extract of Colebrookea oppositifolia Attenuates Epilepsy in Experimental Animal Models: Possible Role of GABA Pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gollapalle Lakshminarayanashastry Viswanatha ◽  
G.P. Sowmya ◽  
Hanumanthappa Shylaja ◽  
Yogananda Moolemath
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Stem Extract
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