scholarly journals La evolución de las técnicas de patada en taekwondo

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Udo Moenig
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Full Contact ◽  
The 1960S

The purpose of the study is to explain the evolution of kicking techniques of taekwondo and to provide a historical time frame for this process. This study analyzes early karate and taekwondo literature, including diverse and varied Korean sources. In addition, some interviews were conducted with relevant persons of the period researched. Taekwondo and karate training and techniques had been very similar until the 1960s. However, taekwondo diverged from karate techniques with the introduction of full-contact competitions during the 1960s.

Transitions to Farming in Europe: Ex Oriente Lux?

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Barker
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
South West ◽  
European Neolithic ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Cross Dating

Ever since the speculations of the Victorians about the inexorable progress of Man from the savagery of foraging to agriculture and civilization, Europe has been one of the main theatres of debate about transitions from foraging to farming (Chapter 1). The dominant model in the twentieth century, first developed explicitly by Gordon Childe in The Dawn of European Civilization (1925) and The Danube in Prehistory (1929), has been that of ex oriente lux, ‘light from the Near East’. According to this theory, farming began in Europe because it was introduced by Neolithic farmers from South-West Asia, who brought with them domesticated plants and animals together with a new technology that included pottery and polished stone tools. They colonized a land thinly occupied by Mesolithic foragers except at the coastal margins. In southern Europe, the first farmers would have ‘taken to their boats and paddled or sailed on the alluring waters of the Mediterranean to the next landfall—and the next’ (Childe, 1957: 16). In temperate Europe, expansion was facilitated by ‘slash-and-burn’ (swidden) agriculture practised by the first farmers: they arrived at a particular location, cleared the forest, burnt the cut timber, and planted their crops, and then moved on after a few years. The first suite of 14C dates from European Neolithic sites obtained in the 1960s astonished archaeologists, because the (uncalibrated) dates of c.6000 bc from Greek Neolithic settlements such as Nea Nikomedeia and Knossos (Fig. 9.1) were 3,000 years older than Childe’s suggested date for the beginning of the European Neolithic: c.3000 BC. He established the latter by an elaborate process of cross-dating European prehistoric sites with historically dated cultures in the eastern Mediterranean, in turn dated by links to Pharaonic Egypt. At the same time, the 14C data appeared to confirm Childe’s ex oriente lux theory, because there was a clear trend of increasingly younger dates with distance from South-West Asia (J. G. D. Clark, 1965; Fig. 1.7). The dates of c .6000 BC in south-east Europe were in the same time-frame as dates for PPNB Neolithic settlements in South-West Asia, dates in central Europe and the Mediterranean were of the order of 4500 BC, and dates from Early Neolithic sites on the Atlantic margins of Europe were nearer 3000 BC.

The Battle of the Atlantic: The environmental front of World War II

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 814-825
Author(s):  
Samuel Andriessen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Battle Of The Atlantic ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Oil Exposure ◽  
General Scale ◽  
Historical Detail

This article examines the potential environmental impact in one specific theatre of World War II during a specific time frame. The study begins with an examination of the major oil spills that occurred after the 1960s to place them in a relationship with the cumulative effects of smaller spills, which best describe the numerous individual spills during 1942. It provides historical detail into the German offensive against North American shipping to establish a general scale of the resulting oil spills. Finally, it will describe the environmental impacts and assess current efforts to mitigate risks of continued oil exposure from shipwrecks in sensitive marine ecosystems. This establishes the theoretical framework to answer, at least in part, the question of whether a rapid succession of small spills would cause as much damage as large spills.

Maintaining Records in Context? Disrupting the Theory and Practice of Archival Classification and Arrangement

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-372
Author(s):  
Ciaran B. Trace
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Archival Profession ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Core Classification

ABSTRACT The role and the associated practices of the archivist are attuned to notions of facilitation. Archivists facilitate people's engagement with the historical record by providing access to records in context: a context instantiated through archival classification, arrangement, and description. In the second of a two-part article, the author draws from the archival literature to present a historical overview of the factors that contributed to evolving notions of archival classification and arrangement from the 1960s to today. A review of the literature of this time frame provides its own context for understanding how, why, and through whose influence competing understandings and implementations of core classification ideas persist. In the process, the author highlights classification as a historically situated interpretive act, drawing attention to the implications of various disciplinary influences and analytical perspectives on the present status and future conception of, and possibilities for, the American archival profession.

scholarly journals Historical Improvement in Speed Skating Economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionne A. Noordhof ◽  
Elmy van Tok ◽  
Florentine S.J.G.M. Joosten ◽  
Florentina J. Hettinga ◽  
Marco J.M. Hoozemans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Speed Skating ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
World Records

Half the improvement in 1500-m speed-skating world records can be explained by technological innovations and the other half by athletic improvement. It is hypothesized that improved skating economy is accountable for much of the athletic improvement. Purpose: To determine skating economy in contemporary athletes and to evaluate the change in economy over the years. Methods: Contemporary skaters of the Dutch national junior team (n = 8) skated 3 bouts of 6 laps at submaximal velocity, from which skating economy was calculated (in mL O2 ・ kg–1 ・ km–1). A literature search provided historic data on skating velocity and submaximal V̇O2 (in mL ・ kg–1 ・ min–1), from which skating economy was determined. The association between year and skating economy was determined using linear-regression analysis. Correcting the change in economy for technological innovations resulted in an estimate of the association between year and economy due to athletic improvement. Results: A mean (± SD) skating economy of 73.4 ± 6.4 mL O2 ・ kg–1 ・ km–1 was found in contemporary athletes. Skating economy improved significantly over the historical time frame (–0.57 mL O2 ・ kg–1 ・ km–1 ・ y–1, 95% confidence interval [–0.84, –0.31]). In the final regression model for the klapskate era, with altitude as confounder, skating economy improved with a nonsignificant –0.58 mL O2 ・ kg–1 ・ km–1 ・ y–1 ([–1.19, 0.035]). Conclusions: Skating economy was 73.4 ± 6.4 mL O2 ・ kg–1 ・ km–1 in contemporary athletes and improved over the past ~50 y. The association between year and skating economy due to athletic improvement, for the klapskate era, approached significance, suggesting a possible improvement in economy over these years.

Antonioni and the Aesthetics of Impurity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Nardelli
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
Novel Reading ◽  
The 1960S

Michalangelo Antonioni’s 1960s films are widely recognized as both exemplars of cinema and key texts in ushering in cinema’s ‘modern’ incarnation. Reconnecting Antonioni’s aesthetically audacious films of the 1960s to the ferment of their historical time, Antonioni and the Aesthetics of Impurity addresses these works’ crucial, yet overlooked, affinity with the new ‘impure’ art practices that emerged in the period. At the same time, the book also offers a novel reading of the films’ dialogue with postwar pictorial abstraction. Revealing an Antonioni who embraced both mixed and mass media and reflected on them via his cinema, the book, through both an intermedial and a transnational focus, replaces auteuristic accounts of the director’s work with a new understanding of its critical significance in late-twentienth century cinema and visual culture.

The canons of capturing reality in the documentary cinema of the 1960s

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Maria V. Bezenkova
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Compositional Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Space ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Characteristics

The essay deals with the problems of new expressive means that appeared in Soviet documentaries in the late 1950s 1960s. It analyzes the main expressive means of capturing the new screen reality on examples of Castles in the Sand (dir. Yakov Bronstein and Algimantas Vidugiris), Katyusha (dir. Viktor Lisakovich), Marinas Life (dir. Leonid Kvinikhidze), Look at the Face (dir. Pavel Kogan), and Nikolai Amosov (dir. Taimuraz Zoloev). Its main interests are plastic solutions, the frame structure, the designation of the object of shooting and the author's presence in the interframe space or inside the frame; changes in the attitudes of the author and the protagonists, the authors attention to personality, and the expressiveness of human presence in the film. The essay discusses the existential and philosophical components of the documentary films of that period, as well as changes in the aesthetic and ideological pictures of the world, which influenced the principle of capturing reality and the concept of authenticity. Documentaries of the Thaw are viewed via the formation of new canons of capturing screen reality, including new capturing techniques (hidden camera, habitual camera, method of provocation), principles of intraframe editing and new space-time frame characteristics. The principles of intraframe editing, new spatial and temporal characteristics of the frame are presented in the progressive analysis of assembly phrases and the compositional structure of the frame of films. The author examines the principles of the formation of the protagonists' characters, the positioning of a person within the frame and the general stylistic paradigm of documentary genres. Taking as examples film portraits, film essays and polemical films, the essay explores novel means of forming spectator paradigms in the documentaries of the Thaw within the context of the authors attitude towards the selected material and the protagonist.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Challenges Archaeo-Historical Time Frameworks in the Near East: the Early Bronze Age of Jericho in Relation to Egypt

Radiocarbon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1321-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik J Bruins ◽  
Johannes van der Plicht
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Near East ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
The 1960S

Our stratified radiocarbon dates from EB Jericho (Trench III) on short-lived material are significantly older than conventional archaeo-historical time frameworks. The calibrated 14C date of Stage XV Phase li-lii (Early to Middle EB-I Kenyon) is 100–450 years older. Stage XVI Phase lxi-lxii (Early EB-II Kenyon) is 200–500 years older. Stage XVI Phase lxii-lxiii (destructive end EB-II) is 200–300 years older. Stage XVII Phase lxviii a – lxix a (Early EB-III) is 100–300 years older than conventional archaeo-historical time estimates. As the beginning of the Chalcolithic in the Near East has “become” a 1000 years older, from about 4000 in the 1960s to about 5000 BC in current perception based on 14C dating, it should not be surprising that the Early Bronze Age and related Egyptian Dynasties also yield 14C dates that are older by a few hundred years than current archaeo-historical time frameworks. Egyptian chronology should not be regarded as ultimately fixed. Egyptologists in the first half of the 20th century gave much older dates for the earlier Dynasties. The new 14C evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of an older Early Bronze Age and older dates for Dynasties 1–6.

scholarly journals Primeiras competições de tênis no Rio Grande do Sul (1920-1960): das disputas entre clubes ao campeonato estadual

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Janice Zarpellon Mazo ◽  
Tuany Defaveri Begossi ◽  
Raquel Valente De Oliveira ◽  
Gabriel Henrique Treter Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Adelar Abaide Balbinotti
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
The State ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
The 1960S

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar as primeiras competições de tênis organizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante as décadas de 1920 a 1960. MÉTODO: O recorte temporal inicial da investigação se justifica em razão de o primeiro campeonato de tênis ter ocorrido no estado, no ano de 1921 e, nas décadas seguintes, ter sucedido a propagação das competições entre clubes sul-rio-grandenses. A delimitação final do estudo é a década de 1960, quando se observou um número expressivo de competições de tênis e o destaque de tenistas do estado no cenário brasileiro. A construção do texto histórico mobilizou o conceito de memória esportiva. Para tanto, foram analisados documentos históricos, como reportagens de jornais editados em cidades do Rio Grande do Sul. Tais materiais de pesquisa foram tratados através da técnica de análise documental. Os referidos documentos foram cotejados com estudos localizados por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. RESULTADOS: Os resultados da investigação registraram que a década de 1920 foi marcada pela regulamentação da prática do tênis em clubes do Rio Grande do Sul, sobretudo por conta da criação da Federação Gaúcha de Tênis, no ano de 1929, com o propósito de fomentar a modalidade, além de organizar competições. CONCLUSÃO: Décadas depois, com a fundação da Confederação Brasileira de Tênis, no ano de 1955, o tênis passou a ter uma estrutura administrativa centralizada e percebeu-se um aumento do número de competições realizadas no Rio Grande do Sul. ABSTRACT. First tennis competitions in Rio Grande do Sul (1920-1960): from disputes between clubs to the state championship. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the first tennis competitions organized in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, during the 1920s and 1960s. METHODS: The initial time frame of the investigation is justified by the fact that the first tennis championship took place in the state, in 1921 and, in the following decades, the propagation of competitions between clubs from Rio Grande do Sul followed. The final delimitation of the study is the 1960s, when there was an expressive number of tennis competitions and the highlight of tennis players from the state in the Brazilian scenario. The construction of the historical text mobilized the concept of sports memory. Therefore, historical documents were analyzed, such as newspaper reports published in cities in Rio Grande do Sul. Such research materials were treated using the document analysis technique. These documents were compared with studies located through a bibliographic review. RESULTS: The results of the investigation recorded that the 1920s were marked by the regulation of tennis practice in clubs in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the creation of the Gaúcha Tennis Federation in 1929, with the purpose of promoting the sport, in addition to organizing competitions. CONCLUSION: Decades later, with the foundation of the Brazilian Tennis Confederation, in 1955, tennis started to have a centralized administrative structure and there was an increase in the number of competitions held in Rio Grande do Sul.

scholarly journals From the “Greta Thunberg Effect” to Green Conversion of Universities: The Reconstructive Praxis of Discursive Mobilizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-139
Author(s):  
Jonathan Michael Feldman
Keyword(s):  
New Deal ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
Supporting Material ◽  
Ecological Reconstruction

Abstract This paper investigates how one could envision a discursive mobilization process to transform protest movements into agents that help reconstruct the universities as agents supporting material mobilizations leading to ecological reconstruction. After reviewing universities’ ecological footprints, the author shows how theories of mobilization and conjunctures could contribute to understanding how this transformation could occur. Discursive mobilizations advance values or ideas but stop short of innovation and production system changes. Material mobilizations affect deployment of human, technological, industrial and financial resources. Conjunctures involve linkages of political activity to spaces implicated in both kinds of mobilizations in a given historical time frame. The study shows many nations having both extensive climate activism and concentrations of university students creating a possibility for greening education centers based on various models for doing so. Yet, two key problems emerge. First, some nations lag in climate activism. Second, interest in a Green Deal or Green New Deal does not always match the level of attention to leading activist Greta Thunberg. The paper illustrates how such problems can be addressed by university-based campaigns linking activist cohorts, mobilization supporting green conversion of higher education and solidaristic, mutual aid exchanges among regions.

scholarly journals Seven Late Twentieth-Century Lives: the Mass Observation Project and Life Writing

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. MO92-MO101
Author(s):  
James Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Generational Cohort ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Reflective Narrative

From its revival in 1981, the Mass Observation Project has collected life writing. In response to open ended questionnaires (‘directives’), MO correspondents send in what often amount to fragments of autobiography. While this material has been explored by researchers ‘horizontally’, to discuss attitudes and behaviour in relation to the themes raised by particular directives, my book Seven Lives from Mass Observation is the first attempt to use the material ‘vertically’, assembling the fragments of autobiography contributed by some individual writers who continued to respond over two or three decades. In an earlier book, Nine Wartime Lives, I used MO's original wartime diaries (and directive responses) to write biographical essays exploring a set of common themes, derived from the mature historiography of the period, from the contrasting perspectives of nine very different observers who had all participated as active citizens in public life. This article describes the very different challenges and insights posed by the use of the more recent MOP material. The longer time frame, and less developed historiography, demanded toleration of initial confusion in the research process before the key theme of a contrast between the 1960s and 1980s emerged. The reflective narrative of MOP's autobiographical fragments (different from the immediacy of the MO wartime diaries) shaped the sample chosen: a single older generational cohort, born between the two world wars, responding to the 1960s and the 1980s as adults formed by earlier experiences. Writing intimate biographies of living people, guaranteed anonymity when they first volunteered for MOP, required developing a set of ethical protocols in conjunction with the MO Trustees.

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