Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiencies

Purpose. The study of color deficiencies prevalence in young people, students of higher educational university.Materials and methods. The study was carried for the half year — fall semester. A total of 1,609 students were examined, aged 17–21. There were 1191 boys and 418 girls. The survey was conducted to determine the health groups in physical training and in various sports sections. An ophthalmologic examination determined refractive disorders and other ocular pathology, which is important for determining health groups. Rabkin polychromatic tables and Neitz color vision test (Neitz Lab (UW Medicine) were used for determining of color deficiencies. The obtained results of these tests were compared in terms of the time spent on the test, the results of the test effectiveness, the determination of dissimulation, and the assessment of the shift in the color spectrum in individuals with impaired color perception.Results. A total of refractive disorders were detected in 856 students (53.2 %). The high degree of myopia was in 40. Disorders of color deficient were noted in 101 students (8.48 %) of 1191 male subjects when using the Neitz color test. Dichromatic eye changes were observed from 2.1 % students: protanopia and deiteranopia were in 0.67 % and 1.43 %. Most of all there were violations with the perception of shades of light brown and light green colors. A third of healthy students noted the impossibility of distinguishing light brown from light gray. This is regardless of the state of refraction. Simultaneous violations of the perception of shades of red, green, yellow and blue were observed in one subject, it was associated with congenital cataracts. In four young people, acquired eye diseases caused. In two girls, violations of the perception of a pastel shade of light green were noted, with one girl (0.24 %) having a violation in two eyes, and was presumably due to a gene anomaly. The second girl had one eye and was associated with partial atrophy of the optic nerve after the optic neuritis.Conclusions. Neitz color test expands the diagnostic possibilities, since in its design it has pastel shades of light green and light brown colors on a gray background, reduces the likelihood of dissimulation, reduces the time of the survey. Neitz color test allows to expand the possibilities for more accurate and differential diagnosis dichromatic and anormal trichromatic subjects and acquired color vision defects.

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The burden of color vision defect in Nepal – an iceberg phenomenon

Journal of Chitwan Medical College ◽

10.3126/jcmc.v9i4.26906 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 69-71

Author(s):

Anadi Khatri ◽

Bal Kumar K.C ◽

Sudhir Gautam ◽

Muna Kharel

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Early Stage ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

School Level ◽

Color Vision Defect ◽

Vision Defect ◽

Color Vision Defects ◽

Color Vision Test ◽

Sequential Group ◽

Vision Defects

Background: Color vision tests are routinely performed and are mandatory in most part of the world. However, in Nepal and many other developing countries, color vision may often be overlooked. We evaluated a possible burden of color vision in a group of patients who were specifically evaluated for a color vision defects. This study evalutes the awareness of color vision defect among the patients evaluated and highlights the importance of the color vision evaluation. Methods: A sequential group of 73 people from August to September 2017 specifically evaluated for color vision defect for recruitment of government employment were evaluated. Ishiharapseudo-isochromatic plates and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 test were used for screening. Mean and Standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis of the data. Results: Fifty-seven were male and sixteen were female. The mean age was 23 years (SD ± 3.7). On evaluation of the color vision defect, 9 (12.3%) were found to have total color vision defect (achromatopsia), 3 (4%)-red-green defect and 1(1%) with blue red defect. None of the patients had undergone color vision test at eye hospital previously. There were 4 patients who were registered drivers who had color vision defect. Conclusions: Color vision is an important part of the vision. It should not be ignored.All of the patients evaluated were found to be unware of their condition. Early detection of color vision defects in individuals, if possible, at school level can help them to determine their careers and future endeavors at early stage.

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Color Vision in the Gas Station Workers of Isfahan City: A Quantitative Analysis With the Farnsworth D15 Color Test

Function and Disability Journal ◽

10.32598/fdj.3.23 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 179-184

Author(s):

Asieh Sadat Sedighi ◽

◽

Ali Mirzajani ◽

Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur ◽

Jamileh Abolghasemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Study Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Color Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Color Vision Defects ◽

Gas Station ◽

Vision Defects ◽

Color Vision Loss

Background and Objectives: The color vision evaluation of gas station workers in Isfahan City. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was performed on workers at gas stations in Isfahan; all the workers were men. The participants were divided into two 40-people groups of exposure and non-exposure (the members of the fuel sales department). The participants had better vision than 8/10 and no underlying problems or eye disease. Besides, examination, including color vision was performed for all subjects. Color vision was assessed using the D15 test under high to medium light conditions. Also, the color vision test was performed monocularly. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS V. 22. Results: The two study groups significantly differed in terms of color vision impairment index (P <0.001). Also, more color vision defects were seen in the group exposed to gasoline. The color confusion index (as the indicator of color vision defects) were 1.485 and 1.129 in exposure and non-exposure to gasoline groups, respectively. Thus, color vision defects were significantly higher in the exposure to gasoline group, compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a difference in color vision index between the two groups. Therefore, long-term exposure to organic solvents, such as gasoline in fuel stations may cause color vision loss.

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Evaluation of an updated HRR color vision test

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523804213463 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 431-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

JAMES E. BAILEY ◽

MAUREEN NEITZ ◽

DIANE M. TAIT ◽

JAY NEITZ

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Normal Color Vision ◽

Color Vision Test ◽

Color Vision Deficiencies

The HRR pseudoisochromatic plate (pip) test was originally designed as a screening and diagnostic test for color vision deficiencies. The original HRR test is now long out of print. We evaluate here the new 4th edition of the HRR test, produced in 2002 by Richmond Products. The 2002 edition was compared to the original 1955 edition for a group of subjects with normal color vision and a group who had been previously diagnosed as having color vision deficiencies. The color deficient subjects spanned the range of severity among people with red-green deficiencies except for one individual who had a mild congenital tritan deficiency. The new test compared favorably with the original and in at least two areas, outperformed it. Among subjects with deutan defects the classification of severity correlated better with the anomaloscope results than the original; all the subjects who were classified as dichromats on the anomaloscope were rated as “severe” on the new HRR, while those diagnosed as anomalous trichromats were rated as mild or medium on the new test. Among those with moderate and severe defects the new test was highly accurate in correctly categorizing subjects as protan or deutan. In addition, a mild tritan subject made a tritan error on the new test whereas he was misdiagnosed as normal on the original.

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Structural and Functional Characteristics of Color Vision Changes in Choroideremia

Frontiers in Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnins.2021.729807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Jasleen K. Jolly ◽

Matthew P. Simunovic ◽

Adam M. Dubis ◽

Amandeep S. Josan ◽

Anthony G. Robson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Color Vision ◽

Low Vision ◽

Spatial Vision ◽

Color Discrimination ◽

Color Test ◽

Retinal Pathology ◽

Vision Defects

Color vision is considered a marker of cone function and its assessment in patients with retinal pathology is complementary to the assessments of spatial vision [best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)] and contrast detection (perimetry). Rod-cone and chorioretinal dystrophies—such as choroideremia—typically cause alterations to color vision, making its assessment a potential outcome measure in clinical trials. However, clinical evaluation of color vision may be compromised by pathological changes to spatial vision and the visual field. The low vision Cambridge Color Test (lvCCT) was developed specifically to address these latter issues. We used the trivector version of the lvCCT to quantify color discrimination in a cohort of 53 patients with choroideremia. This test enables rapid and precise characterization of color discrimination along protan, deutan, and tritan axes more reliably than the historically preferred test for clinical trials, namely the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. The lvCCT demonstrates that color vision defects—particularly along the tritan axis—are seen early in choroideremia, and that this occurs independent of changes in visual acuity, pattern electroretinography and ellipsoid zone area on optical coherence tomography (OCT). We argue that the selective loss of tritan color discrimination can be explained by our current understanding of the machinery of color vision and the pathophysiology of choroideremia.

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A New Color Vision Test to Differentiate Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects

Ophthalmology ◽

10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.030 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 114 (7) ◽

pp. 1341-1347 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Young Joo Shin ◽

Kyu Hyung Park ◽

Jeong-Min Hwang ◽

Won Ryang Wee ◽

Jin Hak Lee

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Color Vision Defects ◽

Color Vision Test ◽

Vision Defects

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Dyschromatopsy, Achromatopsia and Blue Cone Monochromatism; Pathophysiology, Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Güncel Retina Dergisi (Current Retina Journal) ◽

10.37783/crj-0255 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 159-164

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Electrophysiological Tests ◽

Cone Cells ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Vision Defects ◽

Color Vision Deficiencies ◽

The Brain

Color vision is a complex perception caused by the stimulation of cone photoreceptors in the retina and the perception of this stimulation in the brain. Hereditary color vision deficiencies are caused by a defect in the functions of cone cells. Color vision deficiencies are named according to three different types of pigments contained in cones. These disorders, which are seen in high prevalence worldwide, are found more frequently in males. Contrary to thought, colored vision defects often affect daily life. Although it can be easily diagnosed with color vision tests and electrophysiological tests, current treatment options are limited and its success rate is low.

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Computerized color-vision test based upon postreceptoral channel sensitivities

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523804213177 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 465-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

E. MIYAHARA ◽

J. POKORNY ◽

V.C. SMITH ◽

E. SZEWCZYK ◽

J. McCARTIN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Current Data ◽

Parvocellular Pathway ◽

Green Color ◽

Color Vision Defect ◽

Vision Defect ◽

Administration Time ◽

System Data ◽

Color Vision Test ◽

Vision Defects

An automated, computerized color-vision test was designed to diagnose congenital red–green color-vision defects. The observer viewed a yellow appearing CRT screen. The principle was to measure increment thresholds for three different chromaticities, the background yellow, a red, and a green chromaticity. Spatial and temporal parameters were chosen to favor parvocellular pathway mediation of thresholds. Thresholds for the three test stimuli were estimated by four-alternative forced-choice (4AFC), randomly interleaved staircases. Four 1.5-deg, 4.2 cd/m2square pedestals were arranged as a 2 × 2 matrix around the center of the display with 15-minute separations. A trial incremented all four squares by 1.0 cd/m2for 133 ms. One randomly chosen square included an extra increment of a test chromaticity. The observer identified the different appearing square using the cursor. Administration time was ∼5 minutes. Normal trichromats showed clear Sloan notch as defined by log (ΔY/ΔR), whereas red–green color defectives generally showed little or no Sloan notch, indicating that their thresholds were mediated by their luminance system, not by the chromatic system. Data from 107 normal trichromats showed a mean Sloan notch of 0.654 (SD = 0.123). Among 16 color-vision defectives tested (2 protanopes, 1 protanomal, 6 deuteranopes, & 7 deuteranomals), the Sloan notch was between −0.062 and 0.353 for deutans and was <−0.10 for protans. A sufficient number of color-defective observers have not yet been tested to determine whether the test can reliably discriminate between protans and deutans. Nevertheless, the current data show that the test can work as a quick diagnostic procedure (functional trichromatism or dichromatism) of red–green color-vision defect.

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