Structural and Functional Characteristics of Color Vision Changes in Choroideremia

Color vision is considered a marker of cone function and its assessment in patients with retinal pathology is complementary to the assessments of spatial vision [best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)] and contrast detection (perimetry). Rod-cone and chorioretinal dystrophies—such as choroideremia—typically cause alterations to color vision, making its assessment a potential outcome measure in clinical trials. However, clinical evaluation of color vision may be compromised by pathological changes to spatial vision and the visual field. The low vision Cambridge Color Test (lvCCT) was developed specifically to address these latter issues. We used the trivector version of the lvCCT to quantify color discrimination in a cohort of 53 patients with choroideremia. This test enables rapid and precise characterization of color discrimination along protan, deutan, and tritan axes more reliably than the historically preferred test for clinical trials, namely the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. The lvCCT demonstrates that color vision defects—particularly along the tritan axis—are seen early in choroideremia, and that this occurs independent of changes in visual acuity, pattern electroretinography and ellipsoid zone area on optical coherence tomography (OCT). We argue that the selective loss of tritan color discrimination can be explained by our current understanding of the machinery of color vision and the pathophysiology of choroideremia.

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Multidimensional scaling of D15 caps: Color-vision defects among tobacco smokers?

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523804213116 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 445-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

DAVID BIMLER ◽

JOHN KIRKLAND

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Multidimensional Scaling ◽

Color Vision ◽

Color Space ◽

Color Discrimination ◽

Toxic Exposure ◽

Panel Test ◽

Individual Variations ◽

Color Vision Defects ◽

Vision Defects

Tobacco smoke contains a range of toxins including carbon monoxide and cyanide. With specialized cells and high metabolic demands, the optic nerve and retina are vulnerable to toxic exposure. We examined the possible effects of smoking on color vision: specifically, whether smokers perceive a different pattern of suprathreshold color dissimilarities from nonsmokers. It is already known that smokers differ in threshold color discrimination, with elevated scores on the Roth 28-Hue Desaturated panel test. Groups of smokers and nonsmokers, matched for sex and age, followed a triadic procedure to compare dissimilarities among 32 pigmented stimuli (the caps of the saturated and desaturated versions of the D15 panel test). Multidimensional scaling was applied to quantify individual variations in the salience of the axes of color space. Despite the briefness, simplicity, and “low-tech” nature of the procedure, subtle but statistically significant differences did emerge: on average the smoking group were significantly less sensitive to red–green differences. This is consistent with some form of injury to the optic nerve.

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Color Vision in the Gas Station Workers of Isfahan City: A Quantitative Analysis With the Farnsworth D15 Color Test

Function and Disability Journal ◽

10.32598/fdj.3.23 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 179-184

Author(s):

Asieh Sadat Sedighi ◽

◽

Ali Mirzajani ◽

Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur ◽

Jamileh Abolghasemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Study Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Color Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Color Vision Defects ◽

Gas Station ◽

Vision Defects ◽

Color Vision Loss

Background and Objectives: The color vision evaluation of gas station workers in Isfahan City. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was performed on workers at gas stations in Isfahan; all the workers were men. The participants were divided into two 40-people groups of exposure and non-exposure (the members of the fuel sales department). The participants had better vision than 8/10 and no underlying problems or eye disease. Besides, examination, including color vision was performed for all subjects. Color vision was assessed using the D15 test under high to medium light conditions. Also, the color vision test was performed monocularly. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS V. 22. Results: The two study groups significantly differed in terms of color vision impairment index (P <0.001). Also, more color vision defects were seen in the group exposed to gasoline. The color confusion index (as the indicator of color vision defects) were 1.485 and 1.129 in exposure and non-exposure to gasoline groups, respectively. Thus, color vision defects were significantly higher in the exposure to gasoline group, compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a difference in color vision index between the two groups. Therefore, long-term exposure to organic solvents, such as gasoline in fuel stations may cause color vision loss.

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CLINICAL PROFILE, RISK FACTORS AND VISUAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS OF ACUTE CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY IN A TERTIARY HEALTH CARE CENTRE IN NORTHERN INDIA.

10.36106/ijar/1509640 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 67-69

Author(s):

Upasna Ajmani ◽

Prempal Kaur ◽

Dinesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Color Vision ◽

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Visual Outcome ◽

Health Care Centre ◽

Northern India ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

The Mean ◽

Vision Defects

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy(CSCR) is predominantly idiopathic and self limiting macular disease . Present study was planned to determine clinical prole and the factors contributing in nal visual outcome in CSCR.. Retrospective observational study was done on 65 eyes of 53 patients over a period of 2 years. Their best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), color vision, metamorphopsia and mean central macular thickness(CMT) at presentation were compared with values at 6 months follow-up. Mean age of patients was 38 years ± 5.43 years. 79.24% patients were males and 77.36% had unilateral involvement. 30.19% patients gave history suggestive of one or more potential risk factors. The mean BCVA improved from 20/80 at presentation to 20/20 and 20/25 in patients with isolated and CSCR with PED respectively at 6 months. The mean CMT reduced signicantly in both isolated CSCR and when associated with PED at 6 months. Color vision defects in 46(70.77%) eyes and metamorphopsia in 49(75.38%) eyes at presentation persisted in 7(10.7%) eyes and 20(30.76%)eyes respectively at 6 months. Final visual outcome signicantly correlated with visual acuity at presentation. CONCLUSION: BCVA at presentation strongly predicts nal visual prognosis. Patients need to be counselled regarding persistence of color vision decits and metamorphopsia.

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Color vision is strongly associated with retinal thinning in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458511431972 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 991-999 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Pablo Villoslada ◽

Ami Cuneo ◽

Jeffrey Gelfand ◽

Stephen L Hauser ◽

Ari Green

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Color Vision ◽

Color Discrimination ◽

Visual Pathway ◽

Visual Disability ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Contrast ◽

Sd Oct

Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) frequently causes injury to the anterior visual pathway (AVP), impairing quality of life due to visual dysfunction. Development of biomarkers in MS is a high priority and both low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) and time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) have been proposed as candidates for this purpose. We sought to assess whether psychophysical assessments of color vision are similarly correlated with structural measures of AVP injury, and therefore augment measures of visual disability in MS. Methods: We studied the association between high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA), LCVA, color vision (Hardy–Rand–Rittler plates (HRR) and Lanthony D15 tests) and OCT, using both high-resolution spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT; Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) and TD-OCT (Stratus, Carl Zeiss, US) in a cohort of 213 MS patients (52 with previous optic neuritis) and 47 matched controls in a cross-sectional study. Results: We found that MS patients have impairments in HCVA and LCVA ( p < 0.001) but that they suffer from even more profound abnormalities in color discrimination ( p < 0.0001). We found strong correlation between color vision and SD-OCT measures of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (average RNFL, r = 0.594, p < 0.001) and papillomacular bundle thickness ( r = −0.565, p < 0.001). The correlation between OCT scores and functional visual impairments of all types was much stronger for SD-OCT than for TD-OCT. Conclusion: Our results indicate that color vision is highly correlated with these OCT scores when compared with traditional measures of visual acuity. Also we found that SD-OCT is superior to TD-OCT for detecting anterior visual pathway damage in MS. This makes both color-visual measures and SD-OCT strong candidate biomarkers of disease progression.

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Prevalence of visual impairment among school children in three primary schools of Sekela Woreda, Amhara regional state, north-west Ethiopia

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/2050312119849769 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 205031211984976 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mengistu Zelalem ◽

Yekoye Abebe ◽

Yilikal Adamu ◽

Tewodros Getinet

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Color Vision ◽

School Children ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Low Vision ◽

Color Vision Deficiency ◽

Factors Associated

Background: Although there are limited studies, recent data are lacking to determine the prevalence of eye problems in Ethiopia accurately and there is no scientific evidence of such study in Sekela Woreda. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of visual impairment among school children in Sekela Woreda, Ethiopia. Methods: The study design was a community-based analytical cross-sectional with a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique from September to November 2016.Visual acuity was tested using Snellen’s “E” chart while color vision was tested using Ishihara chart. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software, and binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with visual impairment. Results: A total of 875 participants, 466 (53.3%) males and 409 (46.7%) females, with an age range of 8–18 years were screened for visual acuity and color vision deficiency. The prevalence of visual impairment (visual acuity ⩽ 6/12) in “either eye” was 70 (8.0%). Among these, 37 (52.9%) were males and 33 (41.1%) were females. The prevalence of low vision (visual acuity [Formula: see text]) and blindness (visual acuity < 3/60) in “either eye” were 28 (3.2%) and 10 (1.1%), respectively. Thirty two (3.7%) had mild visual impairment [Formula: see text]. The prevalence of color vision deficiency was 36 (4.1%). Among these, 27 (3%) were males and 9 (1.1%) were females. The variables age (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.14 (1.01–1.28) and color blindness (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 3.93(1.69–9.09) were significantly associated with visual impairment. Conclusion: The prevalence of blindness and low vision in school children were higher than the national prevalence in Ethiopia. Increasing age and color defective vision were factors associated with the children’s visual impairment. The Woreda health office ought to work with responsible stakeholders to tackle the situation in early childhood.

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Chromatic discrimination losses in multiple sclerosis patients with and without optic neuritis using the Cambridge Colour Test

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523808080437 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 463-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

ANA LAURA DE ARAÚJO MOURA ◽

ROSANI APARECIDA ANTUNES TEIXEIRA ◽

NESTOR N. OIWA ◽

MARCELO F. COSTA ◽

CLAUDIA FEITOSA-SANTANA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Optic Neuritis ◽

Color Vision ◽

Color Discrimination ◽

Demyelinating Diseases ◽

Color Test ◽

Age Related ◽

History Of ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Multiple Sclerosis Patients

We assessed chromatic discrimination in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients both with (ON) and without (no ON) a history of optic neuritis using the Cambridge color test (CCT). Our goal was to determine the magnitude and chromatic axes of any color vision losses in both patient groups, and to evaluate age-related changes in chromatic discrimination in both patient groups compared to normals. Using the CCT, we measured chromatic discrimination along the protan, deutan and tritan axes in 35 patients with MS (17 ON eyes) and 74 age matched controls. Color thresholds for both patient groups were significantly higher than controls' along the protan and tritan axes (p < 0.001). In addition, the ON and no-ON groups differed significantly along all three-color axes (p < 0.001). MS patients presented a progressive color discrimination impairment with age (along the deutan and tritan axes) that was almost two times faster than controls, even in the absence of ON. These findings suggest that demyelinating diseases reduce sensitivity to color vision in both red-green and blue-yellow axes, implying impairment in both parvocellular and koniocellular visual pathways. The CCT is a useful tool to help characterize vision losses in MS, and the relationship between these losses and degree of optic nerve involvement.

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Clinical heterogeneity between two Japanese siblings with congenital achromatopsia

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523804213396 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 413-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

TAKAAKI HAYASHI ◽

KENICHI KOZAKI ◽

KENJI KITAHARA ◽

AKIKO KUBO ◽

YOSHITERU NISHIO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Color Vision ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽

Color Discrimination ◽

Full Field ◽

Significant Attenuation ◽

Retinal Fundus ◽

Gene Regulations ◽

Retinal Disorder

Congenital achromatopsia is a stationary retinal disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by significant attenuation of cone-photoreceptor function. Symptoms include photophobia, nystagmus, and poor visual acuity from birth. Unlike in cone or cone–rod dystrophies, the retinal fundus usually appears normal. Here we describe two siblings with congenital achromatopsia, who exhibit different ophthalmic phenotypes. History was taken, and ophthalmic examinations were performed in a 7-year-old girl and her 5-year-old brother, who were referred to our department because of poor visual acuity. Two of their grandparents were brother and sister, suggesting an autosomal recessive transmission in inheritance. They have been followed for more than 13 years since the initial evaluation. Symptoms, visual acuity, and kinetic visual field were very similar to each other, consistent with findings of typical congenital achromatopsia. However, color-vision tests suggested that the brother had residual color discrimination, but the sister did not. The siblings had different full-field electroretinographic and spectral-sensitivity findings: residual cone functions were detected in only the brother, in agreement with his residual color vision. They also had different findings of retinal fundi and ocular refractions: the sister had bilaterally atrophic-appearing macular lesions and myopic errors. In contrast, the brother remains hyperopia and has exhibited no specific retinal findings until age 18 years. The causes why both complete and incomplete achromats occur in the siblings are uncertain but might be caused by modifying effects of sex-related genes or by environmental factors influencing certain gene regulations in cone photoreceptors.

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Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiencies

Ophthalmology in Russia ◽

10.18008/1816-5095-2020-3-414-421 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 414-421

Author(s):

I. A. Makarov

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Color Vision ◽

Color Test ◽

Ophthalmologic Examination ◽

Color Spectrum ◽

Color Vision Test ◽

Vision Defects ◽

Color Vision Deficiencies ◽

High Degree ◽

Light Green

Purpose. The study of color deficiencies prevalence in young people, students of higher educational university.Materials and methods. The study was carried for the half year — fall semester. A total of 1,609 students were examined, aged 17–21. There were 1191 boys and 418 girls. The survey was conducted to determine the health groups in physical training and in various sports sections. An ophthalmologic examination determined refractive disorders and other ocular pathology, which is important for determining health groups. Rabkin polychromatic tables and Neitz color vision test (Neitz Lab (UW Medicine) were used for determining of color deficiencies. The obtained results of these tests were compared in terms of the time spent on the test, the results of the test effectiveness, the determination of dissimulation, and the assessment of the shift in the color spectrum in individuals with impaired color perception.Results. A total of refractive disorders were detected in 856 students (53.2 %). The high degree of myopia was in 40. Disorders of color deficient were noted in 101 students (8.48 %) of 1191 male subjects when using the Neitz color test. Dichromatic eye changes were observed from 2.1 % students: protanopia and deiteranopia were in 0.67 % and 1.43 %. Most of all there were violations with the perception of shades of light brown and light green colors. A third of healthy students noted the impossibility of distinguishing light brown from light gray. This is regardless of the state of refraction. Simultaneous violations of the perception of shades of red, green, yellow and blue were observed in one subject, it was associated with congenital cataracts. In four young people, acquired eye diseases caused. In two girls, violations of the perception of a pastel shade of light green were noted, with one girl (0.24 %) having a violation in two eyes, and was presumably due to a gene anomaly. The second girl had one eye and was associated with partial atrophy of the optic nerve after the optic neuritis.Conclusions. Neitz color test expands the diagnostic possibilities, since in its design it has pastel shades of light green and light brown colors on a gray background, reduces the likelihood of dissimulation, reduces the time of the survey. Neitz color test allows to expand the possibilities for more accurate and differential diagnosis dichromatic and anormal trichromatic subjects and acquired color vision defects.

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