scholarly journals Water Footprint for Garlic under Irrigation Levels and Agrispon Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
A.A. Farag ◽  
M.A.A. Abdrabbo ◽  
Z.Y. Maharik ◽  
Rasha El-Morshedy
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Field experiment was conducted in Giza, Egypt, during two growing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 on garlic crop, with the objective of investigating the effect of different irrigation levels (60, 80 and 100 % of water requirements and their combination with the foliar spraying applications of agrispon (with 0.5 and 1.0 ml/ liter) on growth and yield. The results indicated that increased irrigation level up to 100% led to increased vegetative characters of garlic and that the lowest growth and productivity was obtained by 60% irrigation level. When considering spray application of agrispon; with 1.0 ml/L increased growth and productivity followed by 0.5 ml/L; while control treatment gave the lowest productivity during the both seasons. Interaction effect between irrigation level and agrispon treatments indicated that 100% irrigation level combined with 1.0 ml/L spray application of agrispon gave the highest garlic productivity followed by 100% irrigation level combined with 0.5 ml/L spray application. The chemical analysis showed that the highest NPK was obtained by 100% irrigation level combined with 1.0 ml/L agrispon application during the both seasons. Regarding water footprint, the highest irrigation water footprint was obtained by 80% irrigation level followed by 60% irrigation level, while the lowest footprint was obtained by 100% irrigation level due to high garlic productivity under 100% irrigation level. The estimate water footprint for garlic was 525 m3/ton. The blue water footprint for garlic was 422 m3/ton about 80% form total water footprint, while gray water percentage about 20% with value of 103 m3/ton.

scholarly journals Effect of different irrigation levels on the performance of wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
ST Islam ◽  
MZ Haque ◽  
MM Hasan ◽  
ABMMM Khan ◽  
UK Shanta
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Package Program ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Irrigation Levels

An experiment was conducted at the research field of the Department of Agricultural Botany, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali under the Agro-ecological zone-13 (AEZ-13) during the period from November 2012 to February 2013. The aim of the study was to identify the most effective irrigation level for obtaining the better growth and higher yield performance of BARI Gom-25 that are suitable to cultivate under  coastal region of Patuakhali, Bangladesh. So, the present study was consists of five irrigations levels including control viz. control or no irrigation (T0), one irrigation at 25 DAS (T1), two irrigations at 25 and 40 DAS (T2), three irrigations at 25, 40 and 55 DAS (T3)  and four irrigations at 25, 40, 55 and 70 DAS (T4). The seeds of BARI Gom-25 were collected from the BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur on 22 November, 2012. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications and analysis was done by the MSTAT-C package program where means were separated by DMRT at 5% level of probability. Data were recorded on various growth and yield attributing traits. The plot size was 5 m2 (2.5 × 2.0 m) where row to row and seed to seed distances were 20 and 10 cm respectively. Data were collected on various morpho-physiological growth, yield and yield attributing traits. Results obtained from the present study, whole characters of the study were significant at 5% by the moisture (irrigation) levels where three irrigations given at 25, 40 and 55 DAS had most effective than that of other moisture levels and no irrigation. From the results investigation, it was found that the tallest plant (76.86 cm), maximum requiring days to anthesis (61.00 days), maturity (109.0 days) and maximum number of effective tillers (5.00 hill-1),the highest grain growth (3.11g at 36 DAA) and grains (44.00 spike-1) were obtained with three irrigation (T3) levels. Similarly, T3 further showed the greater performance on spike length (17.28 cm), 1000-seed weight (50.16 g), grain (4.16 t ha-1), straw (5.89 t ha-1) and biological yield (10.05 t ha-1) as well as the higher harvest index (41.39%). Investigated above whole characters were produced lower performances under no moisture (irrigation) treatments. These results indicated that irrigation at three times (T3) would be most advantageous irrigation levels for wheat production under the studied non saline ecosystem of coastal region.Progressive Agriculture 29 (2): 99-106, 2018

scholarly journals The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 763-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Mekonnen ◽  
A. Y. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Global Average ◽  
Average Water

Abstract. This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatially-explicit way for the period 1996–2005. The assessment is global and improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc min grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the water footprint network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 ton−1), vegetables (300 m3 ton−1), roots and tubers (400 m3 ton−1), fruits (1000 m3 ton−1), cereals} (1600 m3 ton−1), oil crops (2400 m3 ton−1) to pulses (4000 m3 ton−1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are: coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3 GJ−1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well: the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3 GJ−1, while this is 121 m3 GJ−1 for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996–2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78% green, 12% blue, 10% grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3 yr−1), rice (992 Gm3 yr−1) and maize (770 Gm3 yr−1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45% of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3 yr−1), China (967 Gm3 yr−1) and the USA (826 Gm3 yr−1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus River Basin (117 Gm3 yr−1) and the Ganges River Basin (108 Gm3 yr−1). The two basins together account for 25% of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3 yr−1 (91% green, 9% grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3 yr−1 (48% green, 40% blue, 12% grey).

scholarly journals Cradle-to-Gate Water-Related Impacts on Production of Traditional Food Products in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5274 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.X.H. Bong ◽  
M.A. Malek ◽  
N.H. Mardi ◽  
Marlia M. Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Freshwater Ecotoxicity ◽  
Cradle To Gate

Modern technology and life-style advancements have increased the demand for clean water. Based on this trend it is expected that our water resources will be under stress leading to a high probability of scarcity. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of selected traditional food manufacturing products namely: tempe, lemang, noodle laksam, fish crackers and salted fish in Malaysia. The cradle-to-gate approach on water footprint assessment (WFA) of these selected traditional food products was carried out using Water Footprint Network (WFN) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Freshwater eutrophication (FEP), marine eutrophication (MEP), freshwater ecotoxicity (FETP), marine ecotoxicity (METP) and water consumption (WCP), LCA were investigated using ReCiPe 2016 methodology. Water footprint accounting of blue water footprint (WFblue), green water footprint (WFgreen) and grey water footprint (WFgrey) were established in this study. It was found that total water footprint for lemang production was highest at 3862.13 m3/ton. The lowest total water footprint was found to be fish cracker production at 135.88 m3/ton. Blue water scarcity (WSblue) and water pollution level (WPL) of these selected food products were also determined to identify the environmental hotspots. Results in this study showed that the WSblue and WPL of these selected food products did not exceed 1%, which is considered sustainable. Based on midpoint approach adopted in this study, the characterization factors for FEP, MEP, FETP, METP and WCP on these selected food products were evaluated. It is recommended that alternative ingredients or product processes be designed in order to produce more sustainable lemang.

scholarly journals Sensitivity and uncertainty in crop water footprint accounting: a case study for the Yellow River Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhuo ◽  
M. M. Mekonnen ◽  
A. Y. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Yellow River Basin ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
The Yellow River Basin

Abstract. Water Footprint Assessment is a quickly growing field of research, but as yet little attention has been paid to the uncertainties involved. This study investigates the sensitivity of water footprint estimates to changes in important input variables and quantifies the size of uncertainty in water footprint estimates. The study focuses on the green (from rainfall) and blue (from irrigation) water footprint of producing maize, soybean, rice, and wheat in the Yellow River Basin in the period 1996–2005. A grid-based daily water balance model at a 5 by 5 arcmin resolution was applied to compute green and blue water footprints of the four crops in the Yellow River Basin in the period considered. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis focused on the effects on water footprint estimates at basin level (in m3 t−1) of four key input variables: precipitation (PR), reference evapotranspiration (ET0), crop coefficient (Kc), and crop calendar. The one-at-a-time method was carried out to analyse the sensitivity of the water footprint of crops to fractional changes of individual input variables. Uncertainties in crop water footprint estimates were quantified through Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the water footprint of crops is most sensitive to ET0 and Kc, followed by crop calendar and PR. Blue water footprints were more sensitive to input variability than green water footprints. The smaller the annual blue water footprint, the higher its sensitivity to changes in PR, ET0, and Kc. The uncertainties in the total water footprint of a crop due to combined uncertainties in climatic inputs (PR and ET0) were about ±20% (at 95% confidence interval). The effect of uncertainties in ET0 was dominant compared to that of precipitation. The uncertainties in the total water footprint of a crop as a result of combined key input uncertainties were on average ±26% (at 95% confidence level). The sensitivities and uncertainties differ across crop types, with highest sensitivities and uncertainties for soybean.

scholarly journals Water footprint in family farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e26610615777
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Grateki Barbosa ◽  
Daniel Brasil Ferreira Pinto ◽  
Rafael Alvarenga Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Gray Water ◽  
The Family

Currently, the management of water resources has gained greater visibility and has become indispensable, with the need for different methodologies which consider all water used and incorporated in the processes and products. In this way, the water footprint concept has been introduced to calculate the appropriation of fresh water on the part of the humankind. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the water footprint in some sectors of family farming in the municipality of Teófilo Otoni – MG, analyzing the agricultural production of crops cultivated exclusively by the sector in 2017 in Teófilo Otoni. The cultivation of pumpkin, banana, chayote, beans, cassava, Maize, peppers, okra, cabbage, and tangerine were studied. Thus, the total water footprint for the year 2017 was 13,996,735.05 m3.t-1, in which the green water footprint represents 86%, the blue water footprint represents 12.5% and the gray water footprint equals 1.5%. The family farming sector of Teófilo Otoni demands an average of 196.73 liters for a production of R$ 1.00.

scholarly journals Blue Water Footprints of Ontario Dairy Farms

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2230
Author(s):  
Mariam Al-Bahouh ◽  
Vern Osborne ◽  
Tom Wright ◽  
Mike Dixon ◽  
Andrew VanderZaag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Plate Cooler ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

The blue water footprint (WF) is an indicator of freshwater required to produce a given end product. Determining the blue WF for milk production, the seasonal water use and the impact of water conservation are important sustainability considerations for the dairy industry in Ontario (Canada). In this study, a water footprint network (WFN) method was used to calculate the seasonal blue WF’s from in-barn water use data and the fat–protein-corrected milk (FPCM) production. Various water conservation options were estimated using the AgriSuite software. Results showed that the total water use (L of water·cow−1·d−1) and the average blue WF (L of water·kg−1 of FPCM) were 246.3 ± 6.8 L·cow−1·d−1 and 7.4 ± 0.2 L·kg−1, respectively. The total water use and the blue WF could be reduced to 182.7 ± 5.1 L·cow−1·d−1 (25.8% reduction) and 5.8 ± 0.1 L·kg−1 (21.6% reduction), respectively, through adaptive water conservation measures as the reuse of the plate cooler and milk house water. For example, conservation practices could reduce the milk house wash water use from 74.3 ± 8.8 L·cow−1·d−1 to 16.6 ± 0.1 L·cow−1·d−1 (77.7% overall reduction).

scholarly journals Peanut yield under irrigation levels in off-season cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Pablo Nascimento de Oliveira França ◽  
Rogério Teixeira de Faria ◽  
Willians César Carrega ◽  
Anderson Prates Coelho ◽  
Ignácio José Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Water deficit is considered the most critical environmental factor for peanut production in Brazil, as it constitutes one of the major constraints to the expansion of its cultivation in the suitable crop zones of the country. Determining crop water demand is fundamental to increasing yield with lower water consumption. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of full and deficit irrigation levels (L1 = 8%, L2 = 27%, L3 = 63%, L4 = 94% and L5 = 100% replenishment of crop evapotranspiration) on the development, growth and yield of peanut crop sown in two times, February and March. Treatments were distributed in a split-plot randomized complete block design, with four replicates, using a line-source sprinkler system. Irrigation depths from 65 to 314 mm were applied with the levels L1 to L5 during the first and second cropping cycles. Full irrigation with sowing in March was more advantageous due to yield increase of up to 30% compared to sowing in February, but crop cycle was 25 days longer. Water stress caused by deficit irrigation reduced plant height, seed mass and pod yield, while full irrigation (L5) led to yields from 4,141 to 5,102 kg ha-1 for February and March, approximately three times higher than those obtained with the lowest irrigation level (L1). Highlights Peanut has great importance in the food and industry of several countries. The results of this research apply to regions that require irrigation, which is of about 70% of the areas of the globe with this legume. This paper contributes with information that emphasizes the possibility of cultivation in the drought season, aiming at the expansion of the crop and the production of quality seeds using irrigation.

scholarly journals Water use, growth, and yield of drip irrigated cassava in a humid tropical environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.O. Odubanjo ◽  
A.A. Olufayo ◽  
P.G. Oguntunde
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Farm of The Federal University of Technology, Akure, during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons to investigate the response of cassava under drip irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were based on four different water regimes; with T100 receiving 100% available water (AW), T<sub>50</sub> and T<sub>25</sub> receiving 50% and 25% of AW and T<sub>0</sub> with zero irrigation (control treatment). Disease free stems of the cassava cultivar TMS 91934 were planted at a spacing of 1 m by 1 m. The results indicated that T<sub>100</sub> full treatment produced the highest average total dry matter yield of 49.12 and 37.62 t/ha in 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively. However, the average total dry matter production in T<sub>50</sub>, T<sub>25</sub>, and T<sub>0</sub> showed significant differences in their values. Low total dry matter yields of 7.12 and 5.92 t/ha, respectively, were associated with T<sub>0</sub> for the two cropping seasons. The total water use of 1491.75 and 1701.13 mm was recorded for T<sub>100</sub>, while total water use of 729.00 and 651.13 mm were obtained for T<sub>0</sub> in the two cropping seasons. The water use efficiency determined for the two cropping seasons ranged between 7.38 kg/ha and 32.93 kg/ha. The percentages of total water applied from total water use for T<sub>100</sub> were 51.11% and 61.72%, while 14.83% and 17.85% were recorded for T<sub>25 </sub>for 2006/07 and 2007/08 cropping seasons, respectively.

Assessment of Water Footprint for Koshi River Basin (KRB), Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Deva Singh ◽  
Kumar Ghimire ◽  
Ashish Pandey
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Green And Blue Water ◽  
Koshi River Basin

&lt;p&gt;Nepal is an agrarian country and almost one-third of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is dependent on agricultural sector. Koshi river basin is the largest basin in the country and serves large share on agricultural production. Like another country, Nepalese agriculture holds largest water use in agriculture. In this context, it is necessary to reduce water use pressure. In this study, water footprint of different crop (rice, maize, wheat, millet, sugarcane, potato and barley) have been estimated for the year 2005 -2014 to get the average water footprint of crop production during study period. CROPWAT model, developed by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2010b).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the computation of the green and blue water footprints, estimated values of ET (the output of CROPWAT model) and yield (derived from statistical data) are utilised. Blue and green water footprint are computed for different districts (16 districts within KRB) / for KRB in different years (10 years from 2005 to 2014) and crops (considered 7 local crops). The water footprint of crops production for any district or basin represents the average of WF production of seven crops in the respective district or basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study provides a picture of green and blue water use in crop production in the field and reduction in the water footprint of crop production by selecting suitable crops at different places in the field. The Crop, that has lower water footprint, can be intensified at that location and the crops, having higher water footprint, can be discontinued for production or measure for water saving technique needs to be implemented reducing evapotranspiration. The water footprint of agriculture crop production can be reduced by increasing the yield of the crops. Some measures like use of an improved variety of seed, fertilizer, mechanized farming and soil moisture conservation technology may also be used to increase the crop yields.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The crop harvested areas include both rainfed as well as irrigated land. Agricultural land occupies 22% of the study area, out of which 94% areas are rainfed whereas remaining 6% areas are under irrigation. The study shows 98% of total water use in crop production is due to green water use (received from rainfall) and remaining 2 % is due to blue water use received from irrigation (surface and ground water as source). Potato has 22% blue water proportion and contributes 85% share to the total blue water use in the basin. Maize and rice together hold 77% share of total water use in crops production. The average annual water footprint of crop production in KRB is 1248 cubic meter/ton having the variation of 9% during the period of 2005-2014. Sunsari, Dhankuta districts have lower water footprint of crop production. The coefficient of variation of water footprint of millet crop production is lower as compared to those of other crops considered for study whereas sugarcane has a higher variation of water footprint for its production.&lt;/p&gt;

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