scholarly journals Dynamics of change of leaf attributes of Brussels sprouts in response to switches between high and low supply of nitrogen

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
J. Vos ◽  
H. Biemond ◽  
P.C. Struik
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
N Supply ◽  
High Treatment ◽  
Reverse Switch

In a greenhouse pot experiment with Brussels sprouts grown in sand, 4 treatments were compared: a control without N limitation, a continuously N-deficient control and 2 treatments with a switch from the high to the low supply or vice versa. All treatments received nutrient solution at 9 dates during the experiment. The high-N and low-N controls received 1.96 and 0.56 g/application, respectively. In the high-low treatment the switch from the higher to the lower application rate took place 57 days after planting (DAP) and in the low high treatment the reverse switch took place 85 DAP; these 2 treatments received the same total amount of N. Plant N concentrations changed rapidly upon changes in N supply regime. When the supply rate was increased, N concentration increased in leaves that had completed their expansion. Changes in leaf growth started about 15 days after the switch in N regime. Leaves that were expanding at the switch responded by increase in area when N supply increased without a change in mass, i.e. specific leaf area increased. Leaf areas and specific leaf area of expanding leaves decreased when the N supply became smaller. The control of leaf size during initiation and expansion is discussed.

Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 1. Leaf dry matter yield and plant morphology responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
P Supply

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to determine how an increasing P supply influences the growth and survival of white clover plants subjected to a range of defoliation frequencies. Treatments involved the factorial combination of P application rate (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) to a P-deficient Krasnozem soil and defoliation frequency (1, 2, or 4 defoliations over 36 days). The survival of P-deficient plants was threatened by the most frequent defoliation; their leaf area declined owing to a reduction in leaf number and individual leaf size with each successive defoliation. Increasing the P supply to 180 mg/pot reversed this downward trend as the high P plants were able to maintain leaf area by increasing leaf size and number. Increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 defoliations over the 36 days also changed the form of the leaf dry matter response to added P, from an asymptotic to a linear response. The P requirement of white clover for maximum leaf yield therefore increased under frequent defoliation. This effect was also apparent for a range of morphological measurements including stolon elongation rate, leaf area, root mass, leaf number, and stolon number, where the magnitude of the P response was consistently greater for frequently defoliated plants. Exceptions included stolon mass, which responded more to P addition under infrequent defoliation.

scholarly journals Leaf area of common bean genotypes during early pod filling as related to plant adaptation to limited phosphorus supply

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Santos Trindade ◽  
Adelson Paulo Araújo ◽  
Marcelo Grandi Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Net Assimilation

Low phosphorus supply markedly limits leaf growth and genotypes able to maintain adequate leaf area at low P could adapt better to limited-P conditions. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf area production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes during early pod filling and plant adaptation to limited P supply. Twenty-four genotypes, comprised of the four growth habits in the species and two weedy accessions, were grown at two P level applied to the soil (20 and 80 mg kg-1) in 4 kg pots and harvested at two growth stages (pod setting and early pod filling). High P level markedly increased the leaf number and leaf size (leaf area per leaf), slightly increased specific leaf area but did not affect the net assimilation rate. At low P level most genotypic variation for plant dry mass was associated with leaf size, whereas at high P level this variation was associated primarily with the number of leaves and secondarily with leaf size, specific leaf area playing a minor role at both P level. Determinate bush genotypes presented a smaller leaf area, fewer but larger leaves with higher specific leaf area and lower net assimilation rate. Climbing genotypes showed numerous leaves, smaller and thicker leaves with a higher net assimilation rate. Indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate genotypes presented the highest leaf area, achieved through intermediate leaf number, leaf size and specific leaf area. The latter groups were better adapted to limited P. It is concluded that improved growth at low P during early pod filling was associated with common bean genotypes able to maintain leaf expansion through leaves with greater individual leaf area.

Northward migration of trembling aspen will increase growth but reduce resistance to drought-induced xylem cavitation

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 627-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahari Inoue ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang ◽  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Binyam Tedla
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Xylem Cavitation ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Photoperiod Regime

Tree migration to higher latitudes may occur in response to future changes in climate, exposing the trees to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide ([CO2]), new photoperiods, different levels of soil moisture, and other new conditions. These new conditions can influence the physiology, survival, and growth of trees. This study examined the interactive effects of [CO2], photoperiod, and soil moisture on the morphology and resistance to xylem cavitation in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). One-year-old seedlings, in greenhouses, were exposed to two [CO2] (ambient [CO2] 400 μmol·mol−1 or an elevated [CO2] 1000 μmol·mol−1), four photoperiod regimes corresponding to latitudes 48°N (seed origin), 52°N, 55°N, and 58°N, and two levels of soil moisture (60%–75% and 13%–20% of field capacity) for one growing season. Seedling growth, leaf size, specific leaf area, biomass allocation, and xylem resistance to cavitation (water potentials for 20%, 50%, and 80% loss of hydraulic conductivity) were assessed. The seedlings under the longest photoperiod regime (58°N latitude) had greatest height and biomass but smallest specific leaf area. Under the elevated [CO2], however, the longest photoperiod regime significantly reduced xylem resistance to drought-induced cavitation compared with the photoperiod corresponding to 48°N. These results suggest that when migrating to higher latitudes, trembling aspen may grow faster but could become less resistant to drought and more prone to hydraulic failure during a drought spell.

scholarly journals Storing carbon in leaf lipid sinks enhances perennial ryegrass carbon capture especially under high N and elevated CO2

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 2351-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zac Beechey-Gradwell ◽  
Luke Cooney ◽  
Somrutai Winichayakul ◽  
Mitchell Andrews ◽  
Shen Y Hea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
N Supply

Abstract By modifying two genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and storage [cysteine oleosin (cys-OLE)/diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT)], the accumulation of stable lipid droplets in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) leaves was achieved. Growth, biomass allocation, leaf structure, gas exchange parameters, fatty acids, and water-soluble carbohydrates were quantified for a high-expressing cys-OLE/DGAT ryegrass transformant (HL) and a wild-type (WT) control grown under controlled conditions with 1–10 mM nitrogen (N) supply at ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2. A dramatic shift in leaf carbon (C) storage occurred in HL leaves, away from readily mobilizable carbohydrates and towards stable lipid droplets. HL exhibited an increased growth rate, mainly in non-photosynthetic organs, leading to a decreased leaf mass fraction. HL leaves, however, displayed an increased specific leaf area and photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area, delivering greater overall C capture and leaf growth at high N supply. HL also exhibited a greater photosynthesis response to elevated atmospheric CO2. We speculate that by behaving as uniquely stable microsinks for C, cys-OLE-encapsulated lipid droplets can reduce feedback inhibition of photosynthesis and drive greater C capture. Manipulation of many genes and gene combinations has been used to increase non-seed lipid content. However, the cys-OLE/DGAT technology remains the only reported case that increases plant biomass. We contrast cys-OLE/DGAT with other lipid accumulation strategies and discuss the implications of introducing lipid sinks into non-seed organs for plant energy homeostasis and growth.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 1. Appearance, expansion growth and life span of leaves of Brussels sprouts plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-232
Author(s):  
H. Biemond ◽  
J. Vos ◽  
P.C. Struik
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
N Application ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Leaf Expansion Rate ◽  
Green Leaf Area

In greenhouse pot trials, Brussels sprouts cv. Icarus SG2004 plants were supplied with various amounts of N at different stages during growth. The rate of leaf emergence ranged from 0.39 to 0.72 per day and was significantly increased by increasing N application rate. Leaf expansion rate and mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values between leaf number 10 and 20 and decreasing subsequently. Plants receiving more N had a higher total green leaf area per plant, due to more and larger green leaves. Specific leaf area of all leaves declined gradually from 130-230 cmsuperscript 2/g (depending on experiment) at about 30 days after planting to 60 cmsuperscript 2/g at the end of the experiments and was usually significantly increased by increasing N application rate.

Elevated CO2 causes large changes to morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
Rose Brinkhoff ◽  
Meagan Porter ◽  
Mark J. Hovenden
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Relative Water

Plant morphology and architecture are essential characteristics for all plants, but perhaps most importantly for agricultural species because economic traits are linked to simple features such as blade length and plant height. Key morphological traits likely respond to CO2 concentration ([CO2]), and the degree of this response could be influenced by water availability; however, this has received comparatively little research attention. This study aimed to determine the impacts of [CO2] on gross morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the most widespread temperate pasture species, and whether these impacts are influenced by water availability. Perennial ryegrass cv. Base AR37 was grown in a well-fertilised FACE (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) experiment in southern Tasmania. Plants were exposed to three CO2 concentrations (~400 (ambient), 475 and 550 µmol mol–1) at three watering-treatment levels (adequate, limited and excess). Shoot dry weight, height, total leaf area, leaf-blade separation, leaf size, relative water content and specific leaf area were determined, as well as shoot density per unit area as a measure of tillering. Plant morphology responded dramatically to elevated [CO2], plants being smaller with shorter leaf-blade separation lengths and smaller leaves than in ambient (control) plots. Elevated [CO2] increased tillering but did not substantially affect relative water content or specific leaf area. Water supply did not affect any measured trait or the response to elevated [CO2]. Observed impacts of elevated [CO2] on the morphology of a globally important forage crop could have profound implications for pasture productivity. The reductions in plant and leaf size were consistent across a range of soil-water availability, indicating that they are likely to be uniform. Elucidating the mechanisms driving these responses will be essential to improving predictability of these changes and may assist in breeding varieties suited to future conditions.

Leaf area dynamics in Liquidambar styraciflua saplings: responses to nitrogen fertilization

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1660-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Kuers ◽  
Klaus Steinbeck
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Autumn Leaf

Total leaf production, vertical foliage profiles, and the timing of leaf production and loss were compared in fertilized and unfertilized 3-year-old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) saplings. Nitrogen (N) fertilization increased total leaf area and mass through increased leaf size rather than changes in leaf number or specific leaf mass. Both the vertical and temporal distribution of foliage shifted in response to N. Fertilization increased leaf area primarily in the mid- to upper crown. The midheight of the tree crowns shifted upward throughout the season as leaf abscission occurred from the base to the top of the tree and acropetally along the branches. Peak leaf display occurred in July regardless of N supply. However, fertilized trees had twice the leaf area of the unfertilized trees by early autumn. Leaf area production and loss were modeled separately as a function of fertilization and crown height and the equations combined to model temporal changes in leaf area display.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen availability on dry matter production, nitrogen uptake and light interception of Brussels sprouts and leeks

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
R. Booij ◽  
A.D.H. Kreuzer ◽  
A.L. Smit ◽  
A. Van Der Werf
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Application ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Expansion ◽  
Area Expansion ◽  
The Relationship

In field experiments with Brussels sprouts (cv. Kundry) and leeks (cv. Arcona) on a sandy soil, DM production and N uptake during crop growth were studied at different N application rates. N fertilizer application rate affected DM production, leaf area expansion and N uptake more strongly in Brussels sprouts than in leeks. When all N was applied before transplanting, Brussels sprouts showed a higher recovery of N fertilizer than leeks. This was explained by a higher rate of DM production in Brussels sprouts, a consequence of faster leaf area expansion. Late N application, whether as a part of a split application or not, increased N uptake more than DM production, so that tissue N concentrations increased. The relationship between N uptake and DM production depended on N availability and crop growth stage, and if all N was applied before transplanting, the relationship could be described by an asymptotic function. Plant plasticity allowed 'luxury consumption' of N to take place when availability was ample and 'dilution' of N when shortages developed during later growth stages. This implied an increasing tissue N concentration with increasing N application and a decreasing N concentration with increasing age. To achieve near-maximum DM production at any time, tissue N concentration should be kept at 2.8-3.1% DW during the whole growing period for Brussels sprouts as well as for leeks. However, in Brussels sprouts a minimum concentration of 1.2-1.5% DW still allowed growth. In both crops N uptake increased linearly with LAI until maximum leaf area (LAI = 4-5) was reached and this relationship was not affected by N application rate or by experimental year. Irrespective of N application rate or species, 2.3 g above ground biomass per MJ intercepted radiation was produced. Therefore, measurement of radiation interception by the canopy can be used as a tool to estimate the N status of the crop.

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