scholarly journals Legal Dilemma of Fake News Management after ‘Marketplace of Ideas’

Komunikator ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-174
Author(s):  
Zou Ju ◽  
Zhou Yue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Marketplace Of Ideas ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
False News

The ‘marketplace of ideas’ metaphor has gone over a whole century since its birth, and its significance is far-reaching. The protection of freedom of speech in its theory is now manifested as high tolerance of fake news. Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Russia, and Malaysia are among the countries attempting to address the worldwide issue of false news. Many nations have included false news regulation into necessary measures such as government management and even legal systems, as can be shown. In the United States, it is difficult to control fake news by legal means, which can only be exerted through extremely limited litigation liability and industry self-discipline. In addition, the transformation of media technology has destroyed the theoretical basis of the ‘marketplace of ideas’. Due to the struggle between the two parties in the United States, fake news has become a ‘floating signifier’ and a discourse tool to attack political opponents. The century-old theory of ‘marketplace of ideas’ is in urgent need of reflection and reconstruction. 

The Truth Justification for Freedom of Speech

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
William P. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Marketplace Of Ideas ◽  
Do So

This chapter investigates the complexities of the truth justification for freedom of speech. According to this rationale, protecting freedom of speech creates a marketplace of ideas in which truth ultimately prevails over falsity. Speech therefore must not be restricted because to do so would inhibit this search for truth. The chapter then presents brief accounts of how the truth justification developed, how it has been applied in United States First Amendment jurisprudence, and how it has been accepted in legal systems outside the United States. It also explores the reasons that have been advanced in defence of the truth justification and the attacks that have been raised against its validity. Finally, the chapter discusses another possible explanation in support of the truth justification—that the search for truth provides a valuable narrative for human existence even if the goal of discovering truth is unlikely to be realized.

Identity concerns drive belief: The impact of partisan identity on the belief and dissemination of true and false news

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110300
Author(s):  
Andrea Pereira ◽  
Elizabeth Harris ◽  
Jay J. Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Fake News ◽  
False News ◽  
Democrats And Republicans ◽  
The Impact

We test three competing theoretical accounts invoked to explain the rise and spread of political (mis)information. We compare the ideological values hypothesis (people prefer news that bolster their values and worldviews); the confirmation bias hypothesis (people prefer news that fit their preexisting stereotypical knowledge); and the political identity hypothesis (people prefer news that allow them to believe positive things about political ingroup members and negative things about political outgroup members). In three experiments ( N = 1,420), participants from the United States read news describing actions perpetrated by their political ingroup or outgroup. Consistent with the political identity hypothesis, Democrats and Republicans were both more likely to believe news about the value-upholding behavior of their ingroup or the value-undermining behavior of their outgroup. Belief was positively correlated with willingness to share on social media in all conditions, but Republicans were more likely to believe and want to share apolitical fake news.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

Science, Politics, and the Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
J. Nicholas Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Scientific Expertise ◽  
The Uk

Comparing the virus responses in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States shows that in order for scientific expertise to result in effective policy, rational political leadership is required. Each of these three countries is known for advanced biomedical research, yet their experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic diverged widely. Germany’s political leadership carefully followed scientific advice and organized public–private partnerships to scale up testing, resulting in relatively low infection levels. The UK and US political responses were far more erratic and less informed by scientific advice—and proved much less effective.

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