scholarly journals Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Arundhathi Shankaralingappa ◽  
Arun Babu Thirunavukkarasu
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

World health organization declared COVID-19 caused by SARS CoV-2 virus as a pandemic in early 2020. The target cells facilitating viral entry are ACE-2 receptor bearing cells like bronchial epithelial cells and pneumocytes.  Children pose a less risk compared to adults in acquiring this disease and mortality in them is low due to protective pathogenesis. Children with COVID-19 are also at risk of developing unique immunological phenomena, known as multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children. MIS-C is considered to be hyperimmune state resulting from cytokine storm and circulating immune complexes. This mini-review reflects the most recent understanding of the pathogenesis in children with special emphasis on MIS-C.

scholarly journals Case report: Pediatric patients with COVID-19 presented as multi-system inflammatory syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Saeed ◽  
anahita sanaei ◽  
shabnam Hajiani Ghotbabadi ◽  
Eslam shorafa
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
World Health ◽  
Atypical Presentation ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Myocardial Involvement ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Abstract Background COVID-19 in pediatric patients is typically associated with minimal manifestations and is less severe than adult patients. Recently, there are reports of children with COVID 19 and myocardial involvement from Europe and America that first were assumed to be Kawasaki disease or its atypical presentation. However world health organization has set a new designation for this state; “multi-system involvement syndrome” in children with COVID-19; (MIS-C). Case presentation: Here we report two COVID-19 pediatric patients (two girls aged 10 and 13 years old) with MIS-C. Conclusion Presence of Kawasaki like signs in COVID 19 patients should be an alarming point to consider multi-system inflammatory syndrome; a syndrome with extensive organ involvement and yet indistinct exact pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Fundamental Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Sergey Brankovich Bolevich ◽  
Peter Frantzevich Litvitsky ◽  
Sergei Vitalievich Grachev ◽  
Sergey Ivanovich Vorobyev ◽  
Alexandra Sergeevna Orlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractAt the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People’s Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wuhan. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization assigned the official name of the infection caused by the new coronavirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human corona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angiotensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recognize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory disease.

Repurposing Nimesulide, a Potent Inhibitor of the B0AT1 Subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor, as a Therapeutic Adjuvant of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1171-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariafrancesca Scalise ◽  
Cesare Indiveri
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Health Organization

The global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection is a health emergency that needs to be addressed immediately. The international scientific community, following World Health Organization (WHO) indications, launched different trials for testing drugs putatively able to block the SARS-CoV-2 infection or treat the COVID-19 disease symptoms. In parallel, studies devoted to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology are in the course for designing an effective vaccine. One of the human membrane proteins known to be docked by the virus is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), proposed to be responsible for viral entry in target cells. Recently, the 3D structure of ACE2 has been obtained, showing its physical interaction with B0AT1 (SLC6A19), a plasma membrane transporter involved in the trafficking of amino acids in cells. The receptor targeted by SARS-CoV-2 is a supercomplex formed by a dimer of ACE2-B0AT1, in which ACE2 binds the viral protein and B0AT1 stabilizes the heterodimer. As a serendipity occurrence, nimesulide was shown to abolish the transport function of B0AT1. Here we suggest including nimesulide in the list of drugs to be tested for the identification of co-adjuvants in the treatment of COVID-19.

The Platelet Role in Severe and Fatal Forms of COVID-19.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar L. Esparza-Ibarra ◽  
Jorge L. Ayala-Luján ◽  
Brenda Mendoza-Almanza ◽  
Irma González-Curiel ◽  
Susana Godina-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Patients ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Coagulation Dysfunction

: On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization received a report of several pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. The causative agent was later confirmed as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since then, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread throughout the world, giving rise in 2020 to the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which, according to the world map of the World Health Organization, has, until May 18, 2021, infected 163,312,429 people and caused 3,386,825 deaths throughout the world. Most critical patients progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and, in underlying form, to septic shock, irreversible metabolic acidosis, blood coagulation dysfunction, or hemostatic and thrombotic anomalies have been reported as the leading causes of death due to COVID-19. The main findings in severe and fatal COVID-19 patients make it clear that platelets play a crucial role in developing severe disease cases. Platelets are the enucleated cells responsible for hemostasis and thrombi formation; thus, platelet hyperreactivity induced by pro-inflammatory microenvironments contributes to the "cytokine storm" that characterizes the more aggressive course of COVID- 19.

scholarly journals MultiSystemic Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 in Pediatrics

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
Eduardo López
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the pandemic caused by the coronavirus called SARS COV-2 causing the disease called Covid-19. This pandemic had and has a planetary impact never seen before with a virus that demonstrated high transmissibility and dissemination capacity. For several months, it was considered that adults were the most affected age group with high mortality in the elderly, considering that children could be infected but having the disease in a benign way.

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