scholarly journals Assessment of interobserver reliability in localization of hard and soft tissue landmarks and three-dimensional measurements of the upper airway based on these landmarks using CBCT images

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Jangam Daya K ◽  
Talreja Kajol M ◽  
Garcha Vikram ◽  
Patil Abhijeet V ◽  
Swatantramath Sunaina M ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
Dimensional Measurements

: To assess reliability in localization of hard and soft tissue landmarks of the upper airway and three-dimensional measurements of the upper airway based on these landmarks using CBCT images. : 22 full field of view (FOV) CBCT scan volumes were selected randomly and retrospectively made at the CBCT unit of Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Six anatomic landmarks that are relevant for upper airway analysiswere located and subsequently three-dimensional measurements (volume, minimum cross-sectional area (CSA), location of the CSA, anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the CSA) in all planes (coronal, sagittal, axial) were performed based on these land marks by two observers, using Romexis software (4.2.0 R 10/13/15). : Correlation analysis by Cronbach’s Alpha.: Interobserver reliability of the landmark localization was excellent (Internal consistency 0.97-0.99) and for the three-dimensional upper airway measurements were good (Internal consistency 0.62-0.99).: The interobserver reliability of anatomical landmarks localization and three-dimensional measurements of the upper airway are good to excellent using Romexis software. Therefore, this methodology can be recommended for the upper airway analysis using CBCT images.

scholarly journals Accuracy and Reproducibility of Facial Measurements of Digital Photographs and Wrapped Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Photographs

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Maged Sultan Alhammadi ◽  
Abeer Abdulkareem Al-mashraqi ◽  
Rayid Hussain Alnami ◽  
Nawaf Mohammad Ashqar ◽  
Omar Hassan Alamir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Digital Photographs ◽  
Gonial Angle

The study sought to assess whether the soft tissue facial profile measurements of direct Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and wrapped CBCT images of non-standardized facial photographs are accurate compared to the standardized digital photographs. In this cross-sectional study, 60 patients with an age range of 18–30 years, who were indicated for CBCT, were enrolled. Two facial photographs were taken per patient: standardized and random (non-standardized). The non-standardized ones were wrapped with the CBCT images. The most used soft tissue facial profile landmarks/parameters (linear and angular) were measured on direct soft tissue three-dimensional (3D) images and on the photographs wrapped over the 3D-CBCT images, and then compared to the standardized photographs. The reliability analysis was performed using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and depicted graphically using Bland–Altman plots. Most of the linear and angular measurements showed high reliability (0.91 to 0.998). Nevertheless, four soft tissue measurements were unreliable; namely, posterior gonial angle (0.085 and 0.11 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively), mandibular plane angle (0.006 and 0.0016 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively), posterior facial height (0.63 and 0.62 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively) and total soft tissue facial convexity (0.52 for both wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively). The soft tissue facial profile measurements from either the direct 3D-CBCT images or the wrapped CBCT images of non-standardized frontal photographs were accurate, and can be used to analyze most of the soft tissue facial profile measurements.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional analysis of upper airway morphology in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Wen ◽  
Xiyu Wang ◽  
Shuqi Qin ◽  
Lorenzo Franchi ◽  
Yan Gu
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Group ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Mandibular Asymmetry ◽  
Subgroup Ii ◽  
Group D ◽  
Inferior Limit

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the upper airway in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry and to investigate the possible underlying correlations between the morphology of the upper airway and mandibular deviation. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 54 subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion (ANB angle ≤ 0.4°, Wits ≤ −5.5°) were taken and 3D upper airway models were reconstructed using Dolphin 3D software. According to the distance (d) from symphysis menti to the sagittal plane, all subjects were divided into a symmetry group (d ≤ 2 mm) and an asymmetry group (d ≥ 4 mm). Based on the severity of mandibular deviation, the asymmetry group was divided into subgroup I (4 mm ≤d <10 mm) and subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm). Cross-sectional linear distances, areas, and volumetric variables of the upper airway were measured in the 3D airway model. Results: Width of the inferior limit of the glossopharynx (P3W), cross-sectional area of the anterior limit of the nasal airway (P5S), and height of the glossopharynx (GPH) in the asymmetry group were significantly larger than in the symmetry group. As for subjects with severe mandibular deviation in subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm), volume of the glossopharynx (GPV), total volume of the pharynx (TPV), length of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L), and ratio of length to width of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L/P2W) showed significantly negative correlations with mandibular deviation (r > 0.7, P < .05). Conclusions: In Class III subjects with severe mandibular asymmetry, the pharyngeal airway showed a tendency toward constriction and presented a more elliptical shape as mandibular deviation became more severe (P < .01).

scholarly journals Three-dimensional molar enamel distribution and thickness in Australopithecus and Paranthropus

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J Olejniczak ◽  
T.M Smith ◽  
M.M Skinner ◽  
F.E Grine ◽  
R.N.M Feeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Enamel Thickness ◽  
Australopithecus Africanus ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Dimensional Measurements ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Thick molar enamel is among the few diagnostic characters of hominins which are measurable in fossil specimens. Despite a long history of study and characterization of Paranthropus molars as relatively ‘hyper-thick’, only a few tooth fragments and controlled planes of section (designed to be proxies of whole-crown thickness) have been measured. Here, we measure molar enamel thickness in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus using accurate microtomographic methods, recording the whole-crown distribution of enamel. Both taxa have relatively thick enamel, but are thinner than previously characterized based on two-dimensional measurements. Three-dimensional measurements show that P. robustus enamel is not hyper-thick, and A. africanus enamel is relatively thinner than that of recent humans. Interspecific differences in the whole-crown distribution of enamel thickness influence cross-sectional measurements such that enamel thickness is exaggerated in two-dimensional sections of A. africanus and P. robustus molars. As such, two-dimensional enamel thickness measurements in australopiths are not reliable proxies for the three-dimensional data they are meant to represent. The three-dimensional distribution of enamel thickness shows different patterns among species, and is more useful for the interpretation of functional adaptations than single summary measures of enamel thickness.

Radiography and ultrasound of the equine neck

UK-Vet Equine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-149
Author(s):  
Jonathon J Dixon ◽  
Lucy Meehan
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Articular Process ◽  
Planar Images ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Sectional Imaging

Diagnostic imaging of the equine neck is undertaken for a wide variety of conditions. In many cases, radiography is the principal imaging modality, often complemented by ultrasound examination. Common conditions encountered include osteoarthritis, articular process joint osteochondral fragmentation, cervical vertebral malformation (‘wobbler’), fractures and numerous soft tissue lesions. The complex three-dimensional anatomy of the region limits interpretation of planar images and, in some cases, cross-sectional imaging (such as computed tomography) may be required. However, careful use of radiography and ultrasound can help clinicians to achieve a diagnosis in many cases, often from combining conventional and lesion-orientated projections with a thorough clinical examination.

scholarly journals 1057 Evaluating Differences In Upper Airway Anatomy Between Diabetic And Non-diabetic OSA Patients

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A401-A402
Author(s):  
N Ihemeremadu ◽  
N Lavi-Romer ◽  
Y Zang ◽  
B Keenan ◽  
R Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Airway Anatomy ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Abstract Introduction Studies show that OSA is linked to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and the onset of diabetes. We hypothesized that diabetic OSA patients will have higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) values than OSA patients without diabetes after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI) and that this difference can be explained through increases in upper airway structures between diabetic and non-diabetic OSA patients. Methods This study evaluated differences in upper airway and craniofacial dimensions and volume of the pharyngeal soft tissues between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Airway sizes, soft tissue volumes and craniofacial dimensions were quantified using three-dimensional MRI in OSA patients without diabetes (n=237) and OSA patients with diabetes (n=64). Comparisons in upper airway measures among diabetics and non-diabetics were performed using linear regression models controlling for age, sex, BMI, race, and AHI. Results Among study participants, diabetic OSA patients were older than non-diabetic OSA patients (54.2±10.1 vs. 47.3±11.1 years; p<0.0001). No significant differences were found between diabetic and non-diabetic OSA patients with respect to BMI (39.8±7.0 vs. 38.4±8.8 kg/m2; p=0.207) or AHI (45.0±31.0 vs. 38.8±27.8 events/hour; p=0.154). In covariate adjusted models, non-diabetic OSA patients also had smaller RP minimum airway area (adjusted difference [95% CI] = -3119 [-5359, 879] mm2; p=0.0066) and RP minimum AP distance (-16.0 mm [-29.6, -2.5]; p=0.021) compared to diabetic OSA patients. No differences were observed in soft tissue volumes or craniofacial dimensions. Conclusion While diabetics had higher average AHI, we observed no significant differences in AHI between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with sleep apnea. In general, upper airway anatomy was similar between diabetic and non-diabetics apneics, controlling for demographic factors and AHI. Future studies should examine dynamic changes, in addition to static upper airway anatomy, in diabetic and non-diabetics apneics. Support  

scholarly journals Anatomic development of the upper airway during the first five years of life: A three-dimensional imaging study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ji Chuang ◽  
Seong Jae Hwang ◽  
Kevin A Buhr ◽  
Courtney A Miller ◽  
Gregory D Avey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Airway Segmentation ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Position Histogram

Purpose. Normative data on the growth and development of the upper airway across the sexes is needed for the diagnosis and treatment of congenital and acquired respiratory anomalies and to gain insight on developmental changes in speech acoustics and disorders with craniofacial anomalies. Methods. The growth of the upper airway in children ages birth-to-five years, as compared to adults, was quantified using an imaging database with computed tomography studies from typically developing individuals. Methodological criteria for scan inclusion and airway measurements included: head position, histogram-based airway segmentation, anatomic landmark placement, and development of a semi-automatic centerline for data extraction. A comprehensive set of 2D and 3D supra- and sub-glottal measurements from the choanae to tracheal opening were obtained including: naso-oro-laryngo-pharynx subregion volume and length, each subregion superior and inferior cross-sectional-area, and antero-posterior and transverse/width distances. Results. Growth of the upper airway during the first five years of life was more pronounced in the vertical and transverse/lateral dimensions than in the antero-posterior dimension. By age five years, females have larger pharyngeal measurement than males. Prepubertal sex-differences were identified in the subglottal region. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of studying the growth of the upper airway in 3D. As the lumen length increases, its shape changes, becoming increasingly elliptical during the first five years of life. This study also emphasizes the importance of methodological considerations for both image acquisition and data extraction, as well as the use of consistent anatomic structures in defining pharyngeal regions.

scholarly journals Multislice Computed Tomography Assessment of Airway Patency Changes Associated with Mandibular Advancement Appliance Therapy in Supine Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Matsumura ◽  
Hiroshi Ueda ◽  
Toshikazu Nagasaki ◽  
Cynthia Concepción Medina ◽  
Koji Iwai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Multislice Computed Tomography ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mandibular Advancement ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soft Tissue Volume ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Mandibular Advancement Appliance

The purpose of the present study was to measure the regional effects of the mandibular advancement appliance (MAA) on the upper airway of supine subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using multislice computed tomography (MSCT). The subjects included 8 males and 5 females who were diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA and were referred to the Orthodontic Clinic of Hiroshima University Hospital, where they underwent MAA therapy. Using a CT scanner, baseline MSCT images were obtained from the subjects without the MAA for morphological analysis, and then the experimental images were obtained while wearing the MAA. To measure the anteroposterior diameter, width, and cross-sectional area of the oropharynx region of interest (ROI), five distance variables were first defined on each multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) image using OsiriX. Additionally, the volumes of the upper airway, bony hard tissue, and soft tissue (soft palate and tongue) in the oro-hypopharyngeal region were measured. In most of the assessed airway size variables, significant increases in the anteroposterior diameter and width were observed after MAA therapy. Regarding the upper airway cross-sectional area, all the upper airway size variables exhibited significant increases. In the volumetric analysis, a significant increase was observed in airway volume, whereas the soft tissue volume in the oro-hypopharyngeal region did not show the significant decrease after MMA therapy. However, from a different point of view, the volumes of the upper airway and soft tissue significantly increased and decreased, respectively, as demonstrated by the calculated ratio for the oro-hypopharyngeal region. We demonstrated that the proportional size of the soft tissue volume, i.e., the soft palate and tongue in the oro-hypopharyngeal region, significantly decreased during use of an MAA. This forward displacement of the soft tissue thereby increases the retroglossal airway space (except the nasopharynx) three-dimensionally.

The Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A Honan ◽  
Rhonda F Brown ◽  
Donald W Hine ◽  
Lindsay Vowels ◽  
Judy A Wollin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disease Information ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

Background: A better understanding of the workplace difficulties experienced by people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) may be critical to developing appropriate vocational and rehabilitative programs. Objective: We aimed to assess the factor structure, internal consistency and validity of the new Multiple Sclerosis Work Difficulties Questionnaire (MSWDQ). Methods: Work difficulty items were developed and reviewed by a panel of experts. Using the MSWDQ, cross-sectional self-report data of work difficulties were obtained in addition to employment status and MS disease information, in a community-based sample of 189 PwMS. Results: Exploratory Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis on the draft questionnaire yielded 50 items measuring 12 factors. Subscale internal consistencies ranged from 0.74 to 0.92, indicating adequate to excellent internal consistency reliability. The MSWDQ explained 40% of the variance in reduced work hours since diagnosis, 40% of the variance in expectations about withdrawing from work, 34% of the variance in expectations about reducing work hours, and 39% of the variance in expectations about changing type of work due to MS. Conclusion: The MSWDQ is a valid and internally reliable measure of workplace difficulties in PwMS. Physical difficulties, as well as cognitive and psychological difficulties were important predictors of workplace outcomes and expectations about future employment.

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