scholarly journals Anatomic development of the upper airway during the first five years of life: A three-dimensional imaging study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ji Chuang ◽  
Seong Jae Hwang ◽  
Kevin A Buhr ◽  
Courtney A Miller ◽  
Gregory D Avey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Airway Segmentation ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Position Histogram

Purpose. Normative data on the growth and development of the upper airway across the sexes is needed for the diagnosis and treatment of congenital and acquired respiratory anomalies and to gain insight on developmental changes in speech acoustics and disorders with craniofacial anomalies. Methods. The growth of the upper airway in children ages birth-to-five years, as compared to adults, was quantified using an imaging database with computed tomography studies from typically developing individuals. Methodological criteria for scan inclusion and airway measurements included: head position, histogram-based airway segmentation, anatomic landmark placement, and development of a semi-automatic centerline for data extraction. A comprehensive set of 2D and 3D supra- and sub-glottal measurements from the choanae to tracheal opening were obtained including: naso-oro-laryngo-pharynx subregion volume and length, each subregion superior and inferior cross-sectional-area, and antero-posterior and transverse/width distances. Results. Growth of the upper airway during the first five years of life was more pronounced in the vertical and transverse/lateral dimensions than in the antero-posterior dimension. By age five years, females have larger pharyngeal measurement than males. Prepubertal sex-differences were identified in the subglottal region. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of studying the growth of the upper airway in 3D. As the lumen length increases, its shape changes, becoming increasingly elliptical during the first five years of life. This study also emphasizes the importance of methodological considerations for both image acquisition and data extraction, as well as the use of consistent anatomic structures in defining pharyngeal regions.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional analysis of upper airway morphology in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Wen ◽  
Xiyu Wang ◽  
Shuqi Qin ◽  
Lorenzo Franchi ◽  
Yan Gu
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Group ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Mandibular Asymmetry ◽  
Subgroup Ii ◽  
Group D ◽  
Inferior Limit

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the upper airway in skeletal Class III patients with and without mandibular asymmetry and to investigate the possible underlying correlations between the morphology of the upper airway and mandibular deviation. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 54 subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion (ANB angle ≤ 0.4°, Wits ≤ −5.5°) were taken and 3D upper airway models were reconstructed using Dolphin 3D software. According to the distance (d) from symphysis menti to the sagittal plane, all subjects were divided into a symmetry group (d ≤ 2 mm) and an asymmetry group (d ≥ 4 mm). Based on the severity of mandibular deviation, the asymmetry group was divided into subgroup I (4 mm ≤d <10 mm) and subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm). Cross-sectional linear distances, areas, and volumetric variables of the upper airway were measured in the 3D airway model. Results: Width of the inferior limit of the glossopharynx (P3W), cross-sectional area of the anterior limit of the nasal airway (P5S), and height of the glossopharynx (GPH) in the asymmetry group were significantly larger than in the symmetry group. As for subjects with severe mandibular deviation in subgroup II (d ≥ 10 mm), volume of the glossopharynx (GPV), total volume of the pharynx (TPV), length of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L), and ratio of length to width of the inferior limit of the velopharynx (P2L/P2W) showed significantly negative correlations with mandibular deviation (r > 0.7, P < .05). Conclusions: In Class III subjects with severe mandibular asymmetry, the pharyngeal airway showed a tendency toward constriction and presented a more elliptical shape as mandibular deviation became more severe (P < .01).

scholarly journals Assessment of interobserver reliability in localization of hard and soft tissue landmarks and three-dimensional measurements of the upper airway based on these landmarks using CBCT images

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Jangam Daya K ◽  
Talreja Kajol M ◽  
Garcha Vikram ◽  
Patil Abhijeet V ◽  
Swatantramath Sunaina M ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
Dimensional Measurements

: To assess reliability in localization of hard and soft tissue landmarks of the upper airway and three-dimensional measurements of the upper airway based on these landmarks using CBCT images. : 22 full field of view (FOV) CBCT scan volumes were selected randomly and retrospectively made at the CBCT unit of Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Six anatomic landmarks that are relevant for upper airway analysiswere located and subsequently three-dimensional measurements (volume, minimum cross-sectional area (CSA), location of the CSA, anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the CSA) in all planes (coronal, sagittal, axial) were performed based on these land marks by two observers, using Romexis software (4.2.0 R 10/13/15). : Correlation analysis by Cronbach’s Alpha.: Interobserver reliability of the landmark localization was excellent (Internal consistency 0.97-0.99) and for the three-dimensional upper airway measurements were good (Internal consistency 0.62-0.99).: The interobserver reliability of anatomical landmarks localization and three-dimensional measurements of the upper airway are good to excellent using Romexis software. Therefore, this methodology can be recommended for the upper airway analysis using CBCT images.

Relationship between buccal alveolar bone thickness and crown-to-root dimensions around mandibular first and second molars: A cone-beam-computed tomography-based study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nasser Alqhtani ◽  
Fawaz Alqahtani ◽  
Abdulrahman Almalki ◽  
Ahmed Alanazi ◽  
Hamad Alkhuriaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Implant Density

BACKGROUND: Assessment of buccal alveolar bone thickness (ABT) and crown-to-root dimensions are essential in implant density; therefore, three-dimensional evaluation of these parameters provides a superior visualization than conventional radiographs. OBJECTIVE: The present cross-sectional cohort study aims to investigate the relationship between buccal ABT and crown-to-root dimensions around the mandibular first and second molars using cone-beam-computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: Initially, CBCT-based scans from 271 individuals were assessed. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 171 CBCT-based scans were excluded. In total, 100 CBCT-scans were included in the present investigation and processed for data extraction. On the mandibular first and second molars, the mesial and distal root lengths and mesiodistal diameter of the crowns were measured. The pulpal floor served as a reference point for assessment of root length. The buccal ABT was measured at the coronal, middle and apical one-third of the root. Statistical analysis was performed and the level of significance was set at P< 0.01. One-hundred CBCT-scans from 294 mandibular teeth (137 first molars and 157 second molars) were included. One hundred and eighty-nine and 105 teeth were from males and females, respectively. RESULTS: The normality plot showed a normal data distribution. The mesiodistal crown width showed a weak yet significant correlation with mesial root length (r= 0.137), bone thickness at mesial apical third (r= 0.180), distal apical (r= 0.157) and distal coronal third (r= 0.161). Bone thickness at mesial, middle and apical third correlated significantly with one other (r= 0.786). CONCLUSION: There is a direct correlation between the buccal ABT and tooth dimensions around the mandibular first and second molars.

A braided stent becomes flattened inside a curved catheter tube: A micro-CT imaging study

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 373-380
Author(s):  
Taiki Shigematsu ◽  
Tomohiro Otani ◽  
Shotaro Tomotake ◽  
Shunya Shiozaki ◽  
Shigeo Wada
Keyword(s):  
Computational Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Mechanical State ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Catheter Tube ◽  
Braided Stent

BACKGROUND: The braided stent is a widely accepted endovascular treatment device consisting of woven metal wires. One of the unsolved issues for the braided stent is the stent flattening phenomena when deployed into highly curved arteries. Although a recent computational study highlighted that the mechanical state of the stent inside the catheter before the deployment plays an essential role in causing stent flattening, there is no experimental observation for the stent inside the curved catheter. OBJECTIVE: We investigated braided stent shapes in curved catheter tubes with various curvatures by micro-computed tomography (CT). METHODS: A braided stent was deployed into catheter tubes and set in rectangular cases with constant curvature. The three-dimensional shape of the stent was imaged by micro-CT, and its cross-sectional flatness was quantitatively assessed. RESULTS: Stent flattening occurred in cases of high curvatures of the outer side of the tube curvature, and the degree of flatness increased with increasing tube curvature. This demonstrates that stent flattening can be caused inside the highly curved catheter before deployment. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary and first observational report provides new insight into the mechanism of stent flattening and emphasizes the importance of the geometrical and mechanical state of the stent inside the catheter.

A semi-automatic approach for longitudinal 3D upper airway analysis using voxel based registration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Diaconu ◽  
Michael Boelstoft Holte ◽  
Paolo Maria Cattaneo ◽  
Else Marie Pinholt
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Anatomic Landmarks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Method Error ◽  
Anterior Cranial Base ◽  
Intraclass Correlations

Objectives: To propose and validate a reliable semi-automatic approach for three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the upper airway (UA) based on voxel-based registration (VBR). Methods: Post-operative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of ten orthognathic surgery patients were superimposed to the pre-operative CBCT scans by VBR using the anterior cranial base as reference. Anatomic landmarks were used to automatically cut the UA and calculate volumes and cross-sectional areas (CSA). The 3D analysis was performed by two observers twice, at an interval of two weeks. Intraclass correlations and Bland-Altman plots were used to quantify the measurement error and reliability of the method. The relative Dahlberg error was calculated and compared with a similar method based on landmark re-identification and manual measurements. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed excellent intra- and inter observer reliability (ICC ≥0.995). Bland-Altman plots showed good observer agreement, low bias and no systematic errors. The relative Dahlberg error ranged between 0.51–4.30% for volume and 0.24–2.90% for CSA. This was lower when compared with a similar, manual method. Voxel-based registration introduced 0.05–1.44% method error. Conclusions: The proposed method is shown to have excellent reliability and high observer agreement. The method is feasible for longitudinal clinical trials on large cohorts due to being semi-automatic.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology of patients with Angle Class III malocclusion treated with a Frankel III appliance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinan Liu ◽  
Kai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
Angle Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Fränkel Iii ◽  
Angle Class Iii

Abstract Background Angle Class III malocclusion, characterized by a concave profile, can cause serious harm to children’s physical and mental health. The Frankel III appliance is an effective treatment for Angle Class III malocclusion in mixed denition. We explored three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology, after one year of Frankel III appliance treatment, in children with Angle Class III malocclusion. Methods We included 20 children (9 males), aged 8–10 years, with Angle Class III malocclusion from the Orthodontics Department of our hospital. Each child was treated with a Frankel III appliance for one year. Cone beam computed tomography was performed before and after treatment to evaluate three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology. Results After one year of treatment, in the upper airway, we observed significant increases in the nasopharynx volume and height (P < 0.05); the velopharyngeal volume, height, and average cross-sectional area (P < 0.05); the glossopharynx volume and minimum cross-sectional area (P < 0.05); and the laryngopharynx height (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the total upper airway volume, height, and average cross sectional area increased significantly (P < 0.05). An examination of craniomaxillofacial morphology showed significant increases in some bone tissues (P < 0.05) and dental measurements, and a significant reduction in the inclination of the mandibular central incisor (P < 0.05). Conclusion Children with Angle class III malocclusion treated with a Frankel III appliance showed no upper airway narrowing, even after repositioning the mandible posteriorly. Moreover, treatment promoted forward maxilla development and increased its width, in both the dental arch and alveolar bone, which provided a more harmonious craniofacial morphology.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology of patients with Angle Class III malocclusion treated with a Frankel III appliance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinan Liu ◽  
Kai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
Angle Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Fränkel Iii ◽  
Angle Class Iii

Abstract Background Angle Class III malocclusion, characterized by a concave profile, can cause serious harm to children’s physical and mental health. The Frankel III appliance is an effective treatment for Angle Class III malocclusion in mixed denition. We explored three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology, after one year of Frankel III appliance treatment, in children with Angle Class III malocclusion. Methods We included 20 children (9 males), aged 8-10 years, with Angle Class III malocclusion from the Orthodontics Department of our hospital. Each child was treated with a Frankel III appliance for one year. Cone beam computed tomography was performed before and after treatment to evaluate three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology. Results After one year of treatment, in the upper airway, we observed significant increases in the nasopharynx volume and height (P<0.05); the velopharyngeal volume, height, and average cross-sectional area (P<0.05); the glossopharynx volume and minimum cross-sectional area (P<0.05); and the laryngopharynx height (P<0.05). Accordingly, the total upper airway volume, height, and average cross sectional area increased significantly (P<0.05). An examination of craniomaxillofacial morphology showed significant increases in some bone tissues (P<0.05) and dental measurements, and a significant reduction in the inclination of the mandibular central incisor (P<0.05). Conclusion Children with Angle class III malocclusion treated with a Frankel III appliance showed no upper airway narrowing, even after repositioning the mandible posteriorly. Moreover, treatment promoted forward maxilla development and increased its width, in both the dental arch and alveolar bone, which provided a more harmonious craniofacial morphology.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway changes following rapid maxillary expansion: A retrospective comparison with propensity score matched controls

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261579
Author(s):  
Hussein Aljawad ◽  
Kyung-Min Lee ◽  
Hoi-Jeong Lim
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Rapid Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
And Control

Background The aim of this study is to evaluate upper airway changes three-dimensionally following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and compare the changes with matched controls. Materials and methods Seventeen patients (mean age 12.6 ± 1.8 years) with maxillary transverse deficiency were treated with RME. Using the propensity score matching method, 17 patients (mean age 12.3 ± 1.5 years) were selected from a non-RME control group of 33. Case-control matching was performed based on 5 covariates: age, gender, CBCT scan interval, sagittal skeletal pattern, and tongue posture. Airway volumes of nasopharynx and oropharynx and minimum cross-sectional areas (MCA) of oropharynx were measured and compared between the case and control groups in CBCT scan images. Results In the case group, significant increases from before to after RME were found in all measurements except MCA of the retroglossal segment of oropharynx. Before treatment, there were no significant differences between case group and control group. While comparing the case group with the control group after treatment showed overall greater increases in the case group. In particular, MCA of retropalatal segment showed statistically significant differences. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that RME causes an increase in upper airway dimensions.

MRI study of regional variations of pharyngeal wall compliance in cats

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1884-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Brennick ◽  
Malcolm D. Ogilvie ◽  
Susan S. Margulies ◽  
Luke Hiller ◽  
Warren B. Gefter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Pharyngeal Airway ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Mri Study

Upper airway compliance indicates the potential of the airway to collapse and is relevant to the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. We hypothesized that compliance would vary over the rostral-to-caudal extent of the pharyngeal airway. In a paralyzed isolated upper airway preparation in cats, we controlled static upper airway pressure during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 0.391-mm resolution). We measured cross-sectional area and anteroposterior and lateral dimensions from three-dimensional reconstructed MRIs in axial slices orthogonal to the airway centerline. High-retropalatal (HRP), midretropalatal (MRP), and hypopharyngeal (HYP) regions were defined. Regional compliance was significantly increased from rostral to caudal regions as follows: HRP < MRP < HYP ( P < 0.0001), and compliance differences among regions were directly related to collapsibility. Thus our findings in the isolated upper airway of the cat support the hypothesis that regional differences in pharyngeal compliance exist and suggest that baseline regional variations in compliance and collapsibility may be an important factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

From a molar to a molecular approach to the developmental trajectory of syntax comprehension by persons with intellectual disability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Facon
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Cognitive Measure ◽  
Syntactic Skills

The aim was to investigate whether a progressive dissociation between the cognitive level and syntax comprehension occurs during the development of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). Two cross-sectional developmental trajectory analyses were successively conducted. Study 1 comprised 615 typically developing participants and 615 participants with ID. Their total scores on a syntax comprehension test were regressed on a nonverbal cognitive measure and the slopes of the two groups’ regression lines were compared. In Study 2, logistic regression curves of the two groups for each of the 92 test items were compared. Results showed only negligible between-groups differences of developmental trajectories, whatever the level of analysis. The idea of a progressive dissociation between cognitive level and receptive syntactic skills of people with ID is not confirmed. However, a syntax test evaluating more complex sentences than those used in this study might show such a dissociation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document