scholarly journals Microbiological Oxidation of High Viscosity Bitumen in Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
D. Filatov ◽  
M. Kopytov ◽  
V. Ovsyannikova ◽  
E. Elchaninova
Keyword(s):  
High Viscosity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Microbiological Oxidation ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Weight Analysis

This paper presents the results of an investigation of microbiological oxidation in the model soil system of high viscosity bitumen from the Bayan-Erkhet deposit (Mongolia) with a high content of heteroelements. It is shown that bitumen, being a mixture of high molecular weight components, has no inhibitory effect on the indigenous soil microflora. Its active growth in the presence of oil products starts without adaptation and lasts for a good part of experiment resulting in 15‒30 fold excess of microorganisms over its reference number. The enzymatic activity of the contaminated soil increases by a factor of 1.5‒2.0, which indicates an assimilation of various hydrocarbon compounds. The weight analysis revealed that the biodegradation of oil products after 180 days of the experiment was 50% of the initial contamination at initial waste oil concentration 50 g/kg (5%). The analysis by IR spectroscopy revealed an accumulation of oxygen-containing compounds which are intermediate products of bio-oxidation of bitumen components. The method of chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the ability of aboriginal soil microflora to mineralize virtually all hydrocarbons contained in the bitumen under study. Their biodegradation ranges from 18 to 97%. It was shown by the GC-MS method that high-molecular heteroatomic components of bitumen (resins and asphaltenes) also undergo a microbial degradation, since their molecular structure changed after the destruction. Thus, the number of structural units in a hypothetical molecule and that of heteroatoms increased due to the high content of oxygen-containing structures. In addition, the ratio of hydrocarbons (oils), resins, and asphaltenes contained in the sample is also changed.

Survival of enterococci and Tn916-like conjugative transposons in soil

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Andrews Jr. ◽  
Wesley S Johnson ◽  
Abby R Guard ◽  
Jonathan D Marvin
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Swine Waste ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil Microcosms ◽  
Conjugative Transposons ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Normal Soil

The persistence of Enterococcus faecalis, fecal enterococci from swine waste, and Tn916-like elements was determined following inoculation into autoclaved and native soil microcosms. When cells of E. faecalis CG110 (Tn916) were inoculated into native microcosms, enterococcal viability in the soil decreased approximately 5 orders of magnitude (4.8 × 105CFU/g soil to < 10 CFU/g) after 5 weeks. In autoclaved microcosms, the viability of E. faecalis decreased by only 20% in 5 weeks. In contrast, the content of Tn916, based on PCR of DNA extracts from soil microcosms, decreased by about 20% in both native and autoclaved microcosms. Similar results were obtained when the source of fecal enterococci and Tn916-like elements was swine waste. Because the concentration of Tn916-independent E. faecalis DNA (the D-alanine D-alanine ligase gene), based on PCR, decreased to nearly undetectable levels (at least 3 orders of magnitude) after 5 weeks in the native microcosms, the evidence suggests Tn916 stability in the soil results from en masse transfer of the transposon to the normal soil microflora and not survival of E. faecalis DNA in the soil system. Results from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis suggest that multiple forms of Tn916 occur in swine waste, but only forms most like Tn916 exhibit stability in the soil.Key words: Tn916, Enterococcus faecalis, soil, antibiotic resistance, conjugation, transposon.

Regulation of Synthesis and Secretion of Fucose-containing Polysaccharides in Cultured Sycamore Cells

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
R.E Paull ◽  
R.L Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Charged Polymers ◽  
Polysaccharide Synthesis ◽  
Regulation Of Synthesis

Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of sycamore extracellular polysaccharides (SEPS) was studied in cultured cells of Acer pseudoplatanus L. cv. Pope by monitoring the incorporation of L-[3H]fucose, a specific marker for the polysaccharide, into cell wall, soluble intracellular polysaccharide and secreted fractions. Actively growing cultures of sycamore cells produce SEPS, and it reaches a concentration in the incubation medium of up to 0.7 mg ml-� after 25 days of growth. Addition of SEPS at 10 mg ml-� to cells during the phase of active growth causes a marked and rapid inhibition of secretion of the polysaccharide into which [3H]fucose is incorporated without markedly affecting uptake of the label. Added SEPS also inhibits the incorporation of [3H]fucose into the homogenate fraction although this inhibition is less marked and requires higher concentrations of added SEPS. This inhibitory effect of SEPS can be mimicked by other charged polymers, for example polygalacturonic acid, polylysine and polyglycine, while uncharged polymers like polyethylene glycol and dextran are without effect. Furthermore, the incorporation of [3H]fucose into secreted polysaccharides of isolated protoplasts is relatively unaffected by added SEPS. We propose that SEPS and other charged polymers interact with the cell wall causing it to become impermeable to synthesized SEPS, which then accumulates between the plasmalemma and the cell wall and eventually inhibits polysaccharide synthesis.

scholarly journals Properties of potato lectin and the nature of its glycoprotein linkages

1978 ◽  
Vol 171 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony K. Allen ◽  
Nila N. Desai ◽  
Albert Neuberger ◽  
J. Michael Creeth
Keyword(s):  
Polypeptide Chain ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Plant Glycoproteins ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Hydroxy Groups ◽  
Potato Lectin

1. Potato lectin is a glycoprotein that contains about 47% (by weight) l-arabinose, 3% d-galactose and 11% hydroxyproline. It has a monomeric molecular weight of about 50000 and probably exists as a monomer–dimer system in aqueous solution, with the monomer predominating. It has a very high viscosity, which would indicate either that the molecule is very expanded or that it is an elongated ellipsoid. 2. After prolonged proteolytic digestion of a reduced and carboxymethylated derivative of the lectin, a glycopeptide was isolated (of mol.wt. 32000–34000) that included all the carbohydrate and hydroxyproline of the original glycoprotein but less than 30% of the total original amino acid residues. 3. The arabinose of the glycoprotein is present exclusively as the β-arabinofuranoside and this includes those residues that are directly linked to the hydroxyproline residues of the polypeptide chain. All the arabinose of the glycoprotein is linked to the polypeptide chain through the hydroxyproline residues; the ratio of arabinose to hydroxyproline is 3.4:1. Although α-arabinofuranosides are known to be present in arabinans and arabinogalactans, the natural occurrence of β-arabinofuranosides has not previously been reported. 4. Nine or ten serine residues of the polypeptide chain are substituted with single α-galactopyranoside residues that can be removed by the action of α-galactosidase from coffee beans but not by a β-galactosidase. This is the first report of an α-galactoside linkage to serine. The effect of α-galactosidase is much greater on a glycopeptide from which the arabinose has been already removed, which indicates a steric hindrance of the galactosidase action by adjacent chains of arabinosides. 5. In 0.5m-NaOH (pH13.7), galactose residues were removed from the serine residues of the glycopeptide by a process of β-elimination. This reaction took place very slowly in the intact glycopeptide but much more rapidly when the arabinofuranoside residues had been removed. This inhibitory effect of the arabinofuranoside residues on the β-elimination reaction is likely to be due to a negative charge on the hydroxy groups of the adjacent arabinofuranoside residues, which would be ionized at this high pH value. 6. It is suggested that potato lectin may be representative of a class of soluble plant glycoproteins that would include precursors of the cell-wall glycoprotein extensin. If this is the case, extensin should also contain β-l-arabinofuranosides linked to hydroxyproline and α-d-galactopyranosides linked to serine residues of the polypeptide chain.

Inhibitory effect of essential oil from Nepeta rtanjensis on fungal spore germination

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Grbić ◽  
Miloš Stupar ◽  
Jelena Vukojević ◽  
Dragoljub Grubišić
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cladosporium Cladosporioides ◽  
Germination Inhibition ◽  
Conidia Germination ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Alternaria Species

AbstractThe ability of Nepeta rtanjensis essential oil to inhibit conidia germination of fungi was evaluated in vitro. Tested fungi included in research were Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride and two Alternaria species originally isolated from N. rtanjensis. The conidia of Cladosporium cladosporioides were most susceptible to the N. rtanjensis essential oil treatment, and the oil concentration of 0.1 µg ml−1 caused the maximum of conidia germination inhibition. The highest concentration used in experiment that caused the maximum of conidia germination inhibition was 0.6 µg ml−1 for Alternaria isolated from leaf surface of N. rtanjensis. The germ tube elongation of Alternaria isolates significantly decreased in response of different concentrations of oil used in experiment.

PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN A CLAY–PROTEIN PASTE SYSTEM ANALOGOUS TO SOIL

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Skujins ◽  
E. F. Estermann ◽  
A. D. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Sterile Technique ◽  
Lag Period

The proteolytic specificity of a purified proteinase, Nagarse, of Bacillus subtilis N′ towards denatured lysozyme was compared with that of the organism growing in a model soil system consisting of a heat-denatured lysozyme–kaolinite complex in a paste form which represents the natural habitat of soil organisms. The use of a sterile technique and a specially designed apparatus permitted periodic withdrawal of nonadsorbed and nonassimilated proteolysis products from the medium; such products were formed by the proteolytic activity of exoenzymes excreted by B. subtilis N′. A chromatographic comparison was made between the proteolysis products of B. subtilis N′ growing in the lysozyme–kaolinite system and those of the proteinase Nagarse acting on denatured lysozyme in solution; some differences were observed. The growth rate studies indicated that the lag period of growth of B. subtilis N′ in the lysozyme–kaolinite complex extended up to one day. The bacteria excreted exoenzymes during this lag period, which hydrolyzed the substrate protein, but the proteolysis products were not assimilated until the exponential growth period started.

Biochemical oxidation of high-viscosity oil by indigenous soil microflora

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Filatov ◽  
E. V. Gulaya ◽  
L. I. Svarovskaya ◽  
L. K. Altunina
Keyword(s):  
High Viscosity ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Biochemical Oxidation ◽  
High Viscosity Oil

Chitin decomposition in a model soil system

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.D. Gould ◽  
R.J. Bryant ◽  
J.A. Trofymow ◽  
R.V. Anderson ◽  
E.T. Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil System ◽  
Model Soil

The Model of Environmental Rationing of Oil-Contaminated Soils by Changing Some Biogeocenotical Functions

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.I. Kovaleva ◽  
A.S. Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Residual Content ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
High Moor ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Standard Value

The model of ecological rationing of oil-polluted soils is substantiated according to the function of providing the soil with conditions for biological activity according to separate biological indicators sensitive to oil products, in particular, catalase activity and survival of pot worms. Petroleum products were rationed in different types of soils of the Sakhalin region: high-moor peat bog; humus podzolic surface-glue; alluvial meadow acidic; brown forest acid podzolic in model series with different levels of pollution. The establishment of a standard value at which the functioning of the studied soils changes, was carried out according to the criterion of changing the values of selected biological parameters corresponding to the change in the rate of soil functioning with increasing oil concentration according to the dose-effect model. For the standard of soil quality for petroleum products in the regions of oil production, the value of petroleum products was used, leading to a significant deviation of the values of biological indicators from background values determined by the same biological indicators. For the permissible residual content of oil products in soils, in which the soil maintains stable functioning, performs environmental functions, a 30% change in the functioning of the soil from the background analogue according to the studied biological indicators was taken. Calculations on the rationing of oil content in soils can be performed using the non-linear regression model described by the logistic curve.

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