scholarly journals Receptor expectations and interlingual translation reception

XLinguae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Deckert
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Translation Product ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Translation Study ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Identical Material ◽  
Cognitive Construct

The fundamental question that this paper addresses is to what extent an individual’s judgment of incoming linguistic stimuli – in the form of a translation product – can be thought of as static and objective, as opposed to dynamic and subjectively constructed. By extension, this article proposes that rather than being viewed (solely) as displaying a set of stable features, the target text can be construed as a cognitive construct that is dynamically shaped. This proposition is tested against the cognitive mechanisms of expectations. I discuss two empirical studies examining how expectations about the authorship of translation, and therefore its characteristics like quality, can influence the audience’s perception of the translation product. The question is examined for written translation (Study 1) and subtitling (Study 2). While in both cases, the central subject of inquiry are linguistic stimuli, in the latter case, these are embedded multimodally. The hypothesis is that generating certain product expectations through the use of linguistic cues will lead the audience to assess the product differently than in a condition where identical material is assessed without cuing or where opposite receptor expectations are generated. It is relevant to note that both experiments were conducted with students whose background included linguistics and translation. Such a participant profile could be associated with a more rigorously principled – and therefore stable – assessment of linguistic stimuli in both monosemiotic and polysemiotic contexts. This, in turn, would make our participants less susceptible to the effects of anticipatory cognition than would be the case with participants without formal training in the relevant fields

scholarly journals From cognitive to neural models of working memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 761-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D'Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Active Maintenance

Working memory refers to the temporary retention of information that was just experienced or just retrieved from long-term memory but no longer exists in the external environment. These internal representations are short-lived, but can be stored for longer periods of time through active maintenance or rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate the information in such a way that makes it useful for goal-directed behaviour. Empirical studies of working memory using neuroscientific techniques, such as neuronal recordings in monkeys or functional neuroimaging in humans, have advanced our knowledge of the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory. This rich dataset can be reconciled with behavioural findings derived from investigating the cognitive mechanisms underlying working memory. In this paper, I review the progress that has been made towards this effort by illustrating how investigations of the neural mechanisms underlying working memory can be influenced by cognitive models and, in turn, how cognitive models can be shaped and modified by neuroscientific data. One conclusion that arises from this research is that working memory can be viewed as neither a unitary nor a dedicated system. A network of brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is critical for the active maintenance of internal representations that are necessary for goal-directed behaviour. Thus, working memory is not localized to a single brain region but probably is an emergent property of the functional interactions between the PFC and the rest of the brain.

scholarly journals Cognition blindness and cognitive gadgets

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Niche Construction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Extended Mind ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Central Purpose ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract Responding to commentaries from psychologists, neuroscientists, philosophers, and anthropologists, I clarify a central purpose of Cognitive Gadgets – to overcome “cognition blindness” in research on human evolution. I defend this purpose against Brunerian, extended mind, and niche construction critiques of computationalism – that is, views prioritising meaning over information, or asserting that behaviour and objects can be intrinsic parts of a thinking process. I argue that empirical evidence from cognitive science is needed to locate distinctively human cognitive mechanisms on the continuum between gadgets and instincts. Focussing on that requirement, I also address specific challenges, and applaud extensions and refinements, of the evidence surveyed in my book. It has been said that “a writer's idea of sound criticism is ten thousand words of closely reasoned adulation.” I cannot disagree with this untraceable wag, but the 30 commentators on Cognitive Gadgets provided some 30,000 words of criticism that are of much greater scientific value than adulation. I am grateful to them all. The response that follows is V-shaped. It starts with the broadest conceptual and methodological issues and funnels down to matters arising from specific empirical studies.

scholarly journals Correlates To Export Involvement Of Manufacturing Firms In A Less Industrialized Country

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Dimitris Bourantas ◽  
John Halikias ◽  
Peter Malliaris
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Exporting Firms ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Export Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Performance

Over the past twenty years, considerable attention has been paid to the export behavior and performance of firms. A large share of the literature dealing with this matter consists of empirical studies whose purpose has been to identify the profile of exporting firms, in order to estimate the export potential. Although the environment is the same for all firms within a certain country, some distinguish themselves as exporting firms while others, do not. Thus a fundamental question arises: in what ways do exporting firms differ from non-exporting ones? This paper concludes that the distinction between exporting and on-exporting firms as a clear cut dichotomy is insufficient, and that a firms export activity is, to a large extent, related to its international competitiveness. This is especially true for countries such as Greece, where domestic markets are rather limited.

Governance Mechanisms in Web 2.0

2011 ◽  
pp. 180-196
Author(s):  
Christopher Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Wiki Technology ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
History Of ◽  
On Line ◽  
Governance Processes

This chapter documents the findings of research into the governance mechanisms within the distributed on-line community known as Wikipedia. It focuses in particular on the role of normative mechanisms in achieving social self-regulation. A brief history of the Wikipedia is provided. This concentrates on the debate about governance and also considers characteristics of the wiki technology which can be expected to influence governance processes. The empirical findings are then presented. These focus on how Wikipedians use linguistic cues to influence one another on a sample of discussion pages drawn from both controversial and featured articles. Through this analysis a tentative account is provided of the agent-level cognitive mechanisms which appear necessary to explain the apparent behavioural coordination. The findings were to be used as a foundation for the simulation of ‘normative’ behaviour. The account identifies some of the challenges that need to be addressed in such an attempt including a mismatch between the case findings and assumptions used in past attempts to simulate normative behaviour.

Social Self-Regulation in Computer Mediated Communities

2010 ◽  
pp. 1932-1946
Author(s):  
Christopher Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Wiki Technology ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
History Of ◽  
On Line ◽  
Governance Processes

This article documents the findings of research into the governance mechanisms within the distributed on-line community known as Wikipedia. It focuses in particular on the role of normative mechanisms in achieving social self-regulation. A brief history of the Wikipedia is provided. This concentrates on the debate about governance and also considers characteristics of the wiki technology which can be expected to influence governance processes. The empirical findings are then presented. These focus on how Wikipedians use linguistic cues to influence one another on a sample of discussion pages drawn from both controversial and featured articles. Through this analysis a tentative account is provided of the agent-level cognitive mechanisms which appear necessary to explain the apparent behavioural coordination. The findings are to be used as a foundation for the simulation of ‘normative’ behaviour. The account identifies some of the challenges that need to be addressed in such an attempt including a mismatch between the case findings and assumptions used in past attempts to simulate normative behaviour.

Electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral approaches to the study of intra-sentential code-switching

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet G. van Hell ◽  
Carla B. Fernandez ◽  
Gerrit Jan Kootstra ◽  
Kaitlyn A. Litcofsky ◽  
Caitlin Y. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Electrophysiological Response ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Behavioral Techniques ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Response Profiles

Abstract A hallmark of bilingual language processing is intra-sentential code-switching. An emergent body of research seeks to understand the intricate neural and cognitive mechanisms that underlie this seemingly effortless skill. In this paper, we discuss electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral research approaches that have been used to study intra-sentential code-switching, and illustrate the use of these techniques by discussing a select number of empirical studies. More specifically, we discuss electrophysiological approaches that are used to study the comprehension of visually and auditorily presented code-switched sentences, including the Event-Related brain Potentials (ERPs) method, time-frequency analysis, and approaches to study inter-individual variation in electrophysiological response profiles. This is followed by a discussion of experimental-behavioral techniques to study the comprehension and production of code-switched sentences, including self-paced reading, shadowing, and confederate scripting.

Linguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Karol J. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Applied Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Linguistic Approaches

This chapter examines approaches to lying and deception within a linguistic framework by studying lying as it relates to phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It details empirical research on linguistic cues to lying, the emergence of lying, and attitudes to lies in different cultures. Both intercultural and cross-cultural studies are included, most of which contrast English with other languages. Coleman and Kay’s seminal work on the semantics of lying and replication studies in Arabic and Spanish are of particular interest. Finally, applied research in various discourse genres such as media language, politics and propaganda, and online discourse are presented. The chapter demonstrates how lying is a pragmalinguistic and sociolinguistic phenomenon that is best understood through empirical studies, ones providing insights into lying in real-life language situations.

Negative Related Diversification, Positive Related Diversification and Firm’s Performance: Measurement and Application

2020 ◽  
pp. 097215091988641
Author(s):  
Narander Kumar Nigam ◽  
C. P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Related Area ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Related Diversification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Though we have had extensive theoretical and empirical studies on diversification during the past decades, yet the impact of diversification on a firm’s financial performance remains unclear. Earlier, authors (like Arnould, 1969 ; Berry, 1971 ; Gort, 1962 ) tried to answer the fundamental question of ‘whether a firm should diversify or not’, but were unable to reach any consensus. Rumelt (1974) categorized diversification into related and unrelated and concluded that diversification in a related area is better than being undiversified. Even after the seminal work of Rumelt, empirical evidence on the impact of both types of diversification on a firm’s financial performance is still mixed ( Berger & Ofek, 1995 ; Chen & Joseph Yu, 2012 ; Duin & Hansen, 1991 ; Palepu, 1985 ; Palich, Cardinal, & Miller, 2000 ). In this study, we make an attempt to answer the same fundamental question of ‘whether a firm should diversify or not’ by including three new aspects: first, we measure the impact of diversification (and its types) on the three aspects of a firm’s financial performance, that is, risk, return and risk-adjusted return; second, we measure this impact on lag 1 1 As diversification is the strategic decision of a firm hence its impact should come over a period of time. of diversification; and third, we use a newly developed approach, that is, correlation-based diversification measures ( Nigam & Gupta, 2018b ) to measure different types of diversification. Initially, our results indicated insignificant impact of diversification (and its types) on all firm performance measures. Later, we segregated related diversification (RD) into positive related diversification (PRD) and negative related diversification (NRD); then we measured the impact of each type of diversification separately and found that diversification is better than being undiversified only if it is into a negative related area. It is a new finding and may have some policy implications for the management while designing its diversification strategy.

scholarly journals Contrastive analysis and translation study from a corpus linguistics perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Ángeles Gómez Castejón
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Translation Product ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Translation Study ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
The Relationship

Previous contrastive studies between the English gerund and its Spanish counterparts present serious limitations in the analysis of these constructions. The main objection is the absence of a cognitive approach. In addition, the traditional characterization of the English gerund seems to be inappropriate to determine its nature. We propose that in order to carry out a contrastive analysis of these constructions, it is absolutely necessary to include a cognitive approach. This approach establishes a valid characterization of the English gerund as well as the relationship between this category and its Spanish counterparts. We also include a translation study. The translation study is not limited to the establishment of equivalence relations between the source and target languages, but it also provides translations techniques observed in the translation product. On the whole, parallel corpora and translated texts prove to be extremely useful for both our contrastive analysis and translation study.

Public Subsidies to Business R&D: Do They Stimulate Private Expenditures?

10.1068/c0428 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Callejón ◽  
José García-Quevedo
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Technology Policy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Public Subsidies ◽  
Direct Government ◽  
Technological Opportunities ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to obtain new evidence about a fundamental question of empirical studies on technology policy. Is public R&D a complement to or a substitute for private R&D? We examine, at an industry level, the relationship between private R&D expenditures and public subsidies in Spain, using panel data and controlling the interindustry differences in technological opportunities. The results suggest that public subsidies have complemented private R&D. This is an interesting result because technology policy was reoriented in the 1990s with a reduction of direct government subsidies for R&D and an increase in tax incentives.

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