INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MAIZE WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTATIONS AND INFECTION BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS AND OTHER FUNGI IN STORED CORN

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Dix ◽  
J. N. All
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Bright Blue

Thirty adult maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, were placed in six glass-fronted wooden grain storage bins filled with 7.2 kg of shelled corn at 14% moisture content. An auger plug containing a heavily sporulating culture of Aspergillus flavus Link was added to the center of three infested bins and three noninfested bins. Another three bins of corn were untreated controls. All of the bins were stored for 16 weeks at 24°C. Weevil-infested corn began significantly heating (2°C) within nine weeks and began losing weight within 12 weeks. The distribution of fungal growth, high moisture grain, corn dust caking, and maize weevils coincided, being initially restricted to the lower edges of the containers and gradually migrating upward. An unidentified species of Penicillium (bright blue) was observed sporulating within 11 weeks in weevil-infested bins. The bins containing S. zeamais lost an average of 2% of their initial wet weight, and increased in grain moisture and temperature by 20% and 5°C, respectively. Pencillium (bright blue) comprised > 95% of the inoculum present on kernels, however A. flavus comprised > 90% of the inoculum recovered from surface sterilized maize weevils. Increased mortality of teneral adults occurred in A. flavus-inoculated bins. Corn from weevil-free bins, whether inoculated with A. flavus or not, failed to support fungal growth, heat, or lose weight.

scholarly journals Ozone inactivation of fungi associated with barley grain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Allen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Ozone Dose

The use of ozone as a fungicide for barley storage was studied. The effects of ozone on the inactivation of natural and inoculated fungi on barley were evaluated at different water activities and temperatures. Results indicated that higher ozone doses were better at inactivating the natural fungi on barley than lower ozone doses. An ozone dose of 0.98mg/g • min was able to reduce the natural fungi counts on the barley at 0.98aw by over 97% after 45 minutes of ozone contact time. The inactivation of the natural fungi and Aspergillus flavus on the barley was favoured by higher temperatures. Ozone consumption of the barley was higher at higher temperatures. Tests on A. flavus spores inoculated on barley indicated that they were resistant to ozone doses up to 4.90mg/g while Penicillium, verrucosum spores showed no resistance to any ozone doses that were tested. Inactivation of A. flavus (vegetative state) and P. verrucosum spores were favoured by higher water activities. The effect of ozone on barley germination was also examined. By 15 minutes of treatment at an ozone dose of 0.98mg/g • min, all the fungi tested were inactivated by over 90%, while germination was only reduced by 6%. Different water activities had no effect on the germination of barley. The findings show that ozone may be applied as a fumigant against fungi attacking high moisture content barley and provide the possibility of using it as an alternative to current chemicals for preserving stored barley.

Studies on the use of mutagenic agents in plant breeding. II. The effects of dose and seed moisture content on mutation production in Lupinus angustifolius by X-Rays

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Gladstones ◽  
CM Francis
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Wet Weight

Seeds of Lupinus angustifolius were given X-ray doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 kr at each of 12 moisture contents ranging from 6.1 to 18.1 % (wet weight basis). Various measures of injury were recorded in the X1 generation, and the types and rates of mutations in the X2. At moisture contents below 16%, total mutation rates were closely correlated with X1 injury. Injury and mutation rate decreased with increasing moisture up to 11–12% moisture, and thereafter remained at a constant minimum up to 16%. Between 16 and 18% moisture there was again an increase in X1 injury, but not in mutation rate. Between 6 and 12 % moisture, a linear relationship was found between moisture content and the logarithm of the dose required to cause a given level of injury or mutation. A possible mechanism for such a pattern of protection is discussed. Lethal mutations increased as a proportion of all mutations as dose and mutation rate increased. There were also proportionately more lethals at high moisture contents than in lower moisture treatments giving the same mutation rates. It is concluded that lethal and seedling chlorophyll-deficient mutations could be misleading when used as indicators of total and viable mutation rates, and that, contrary to the conclusions of some previous authors, no advantage is likely to be gained in practical breeding work from irradiating at high seed moisture contents.

An Automatic Barn-Entering System for Grains

2013 ◽  
Vol 774-776 ◽  
pp. 1617-1620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wei Wang ◽  
Qi Jun Li ◽  
Zhan Hou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Control

This paper provides an automatic barn-entering system for grains. Based on the technologies of microwave and PLC, the system may detect the grain moisture on line and control the directions of grain flows on conveyor. For the flows with moisture below the specified threshold, the grains may be made their way into the barn, otherwise rechannel the direction automatically and not permitted into the barn.Thus can avoid effectively grains' from going mouldy due to the high moisture content.

scholarly journals Disinfestation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in stored maize using microwave

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Ravipat Lapcharoensuk ◽  
Sattawat Wisetsri ◽  
Supattra Meesuk
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Young Larva ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Maize Sample

This study aimed primarily to investigate on disinfestation of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) in maize storage by using microwave method. Specimens of Maize weevils were cultured for 30 days in a maize sample with 17% moisture content (wet basis). Several different life stages of the maize weevil (egg, young larva, old larva, pupa and adult) were then infested in the sample. Next, the maize sample was exposed to 200, 300 and 450 W of microwave power for 60, 120 and 180 s, and the number of weevils were counted after each treatment. Moreover, the sample was kept for another 2 months to see whether the eggs have survived the treatment and grown to be adults. In addition, the effects of the level of microwave power and exposure time on the property of the maize sample were observed. The quality parameters investigated were moisture content, colour and protein and fat contents. It was found that, at 300 W of power for 180 s, the microwave was able to disinfect weevils at all life stages successfully, while the quality of the maize sample did not change significantly at the tested microwave settings and exposure times, except for the protein content. These findings indicate that microwave can be a good alternative to harmful chemical methods for disinfestation of maize weevils.

scholarly journals Ozone inactivation of fungi associated with barley grain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Allen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Ozone Dose

The use of ozone as a fungicide for barley storage was studied. The effects of ozone on the inactivation of natural and inoculated fungi on barley were evaluated at different water activities and temperatures. Results indicated that higher ozone doses were better at inactivating the natural fungi on barley than lower ozone doses. An ozone dose of 0.98mg/g • min was able to reduce the natural fungi counts on the barley at 0.98aw by over 97% after 45 minutes of ozone contact time. The inactivation of the natural fungi and Aspergillus flavus on the barley was favoured by higher temperatures. Ozone consumption of the barley was higher at higher temperatures. Tests on A. flavus spores inoculated on barley indicated that they were resistant to ozone doses up to 4.90mg/g while Penicillium, verrucosum spores showed no resistance to any ozone doses that were tested. Inactivation of A. flavus (vegetative state) and P. verrucosum spores were favoured by higher water activities. The effect of ozone on barley germination was also examined. By 15 minutes of treatment at an ozone dose of 0.98mg/g • min, all the fungi tested were inactivated by over 90%, while germination was only reduced by 6%. Different water activities had no effect on the germination of barley. The findings show that ozone may be applied as a fumigant against fungi attacking high moisture content barley and provide the possibility of using it as an alternative to current chemicals for preserving stored barley.

The influence of temperature and humidity in storage on seed viability and hard-seededness in the west Australian, Blue Lupin, Lupinus digitatus Forsk

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Gladstones
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
The West ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Wet Weight

Freshly harvested seeds of L. digitatus were stored for up to 11 months at all combinations of six constant temperatures and five constant relative humidities. Testing for hard-seededness was by soaking in water at 15°C, and for viability by emergence tests in seed boxes. Permeability was found to be governed by seed moisture content. All seeds with more than 14 per cent. moisture (wet weight basis) remained fully permeable. Below 14 per cent., permeability decreased with decreasing moisture content until at 11 per cent. all seeds were virtually impermeable. Impermeability was readily reversible under humid conditions down to 12 per cent. moisture content, but practically irreversible below 9 per cent. Softening of semi-hard seeds took place no more rapidly at 94 per cent. R.H. than at 76 per cent. Seed which was air-drying in the laboratory remained fully soft for about 1 week after harvest, and thereafter hardened only slowly. Seed which had been kept permeable for 12 months hardened at the same rate. Viability was impaired by both high moisture content and high temperature.

scholarly journals Incidence of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) and its Association with Green Fungus (Aspergillus flavus Link) in Maize Under Storage at Chitwan and Surkhet Districts of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
K. Bhusal ◽  
D. Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Phi Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch ◽  
Weevil Infestation

A survey of maize-growing areas of Surkhet and Chitwan, Nepal (April to May 2017) was conducted to know about the incidence, relationship and loss in stored maize due to Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) and (Aspergillus flavus Link). Sixty households from each district were surveyed and the data was analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Result revealed that there is severe infestation of maize weevil and green fungus in stored maize. 97.5% of stored samples had incidence of Aspergillus, whereas 96.7 % samples had maize weevils. 15.7% of the farmers apply sun drying and removal of the A. falvus infested seed while remaining 84.3% of the farmers use no any measure of control. Results from Chi- Square test indicated significant relation (χ2 = 122.10, P<0.01) between incidence of weevil infestation and occurrence of green fungus in the study area. The Phi coefficient value (1.00) shows the perfect relationship exist between weevil and green fungus occurrence in the study areas. The overall annual damage by the A. flavus was 6.39%. Therefore, it can be said that maize weevil is the major insect while A. flavus is major pathogen of maize grains at storage. The relationship between the occurrences of both pests was highly significant which indicated the positive relationship, i.e. the weevil plays an essential role in growth and spread of fungus.

Fumigation of high moisture seed with acetic acid to control storage mold

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg ◽  
A. P. Gaunce
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Storage Fungi

Acetic acid (AA) vapour applied to high moisture content canola, corn, rice and wheat inoculated with conidia of Aspergillus flavus effectively prevented A. flavus from growing. Wheat (500 g) initially fumigated with AA at 0.78 mL kg−1 of seed had complete germination and zero mold infection after storage for 102 d at 20 °C. The untreated control had 37% germination and all seeds were infected. Canola fumigated with AA at 0.58 mL kg−1 of seed and evaluated for mold colonies/gram of seed had zero compared to 2400 colonies in the untreated control after storage at 20 °C for 38 d. Absorption of AA vapour occurred rapidly during the first few minutes of fumigation, reaching equilibrium within approximately 20 min. The amount of AA vapour absorbed by seed increased as moisture content increased. Key words:Aspergillus flavus, storage fungi, organic acid, vapour

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