Influence of Different Larval Feeding Regimes and Diet Presentation Methods on Chrysoperla Rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Development

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Greenberg ◽  
Donald A. Nordlund ◽  
E. G. King
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Chrysoperla Rufilabris ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Presentation Methods

Results of a comparative analysis of the effects of seven different larval feeding regimes on the development of individually reared Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) larvae are presented. Also, four methods for presenting liquid artificial diet (capillary tubes, sponge, agarose based jelly, and artificial eggs) are discussed. Development time, pupal weight, fecundity, and reproductive rate were higher for C. rufilabris larvae reared on the eggs of either Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) or Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) than for those reared on artificial diet. Diet presentation methods that show promise include agarose-based jelly and artificial eggs.

Comparative Analysis of Two Rearing Procedures for Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Shelton ◽  
R. J. Cooley ◽  
M. K. Kroening ◽  
W. T. Wilsey ◽  
S. D. Eigenbrode
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Larval Survivorship ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Rape Seedlings

Rape seedlings, Brassica napus L., and a wheat germ-based artificial diet were compared as media for rearing diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), for six generations. Mean pupal weight and total number of eggs laid per female were always greater when larvae were reared on artificial diet; however, percentage of eggs hatching was usually greater and development time usually shorter when larvae were reared on rape seedlings. High larval survivorship (>70%) could be obtained on either media. Larvae which were reared on artificial diet were consistently more susceptible to the insecticides methomyl and permethrin, indicating potential problems in using artificial diet for insecticide studies. When larvae were reared on either medium for six generations and then transferred to cabbage, larval survivorship was nearly equal, indicating that either method could be used for artificially incoculating plants for host plant resistance studies. Although it was easier and cheaper to rear DBM on artificial diet, recommendations for using one rearing method over the other must be based on the ultimate use of the colony.

scholarly journals Extension of Rotifer (Brachionus Plicatilis) Inclusions in the Larval Diets of Mud Crab, Scylla Paramamosain (Estampodor, 1949): Effects on Survival, Growth, Metamorphosis and Development Time

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ong Moc Quy ◽  
Ravi Fotedar ◽  
Ho Thi Truong Thy
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Scylla Paramamosain ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Crab Larvae ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Feeding Regimes

The study evaluated the effects of extended dietary inclusions of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) on the survival, metamorphosis rate, growth and development time in the larvae of mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). The five most commonly published feeding regimes of mud crab (S. paramamosain) larvae were selected and tested by including rotifers onto them. Mud crab larvae in the first feeding regime were fed exclusively with Artemia nauplii (control or regime A), while those in feeding regimes 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed rotifers starting from zoea 1 (Z1) to various development stages of mud crab larvae whereas feeding with Artemia nauplii was commenced from the Z2 stage until the end of the trial (megalopa stage). The results of the larval feeding trial for 24 days of culture showed the progressive decrease in survival of the larvae in all feeding regimes. Extended inclusion of rotifer feeding until Z5 stage resulted in significantly higher survival than in the control from 18 day after hatching onwards. Larval survival was negatively correlated (R2 from 0.78 to 0.90) with the rearing time; however, different feeding regimes had no significant effect on this correlation. Extending inclusion of rotifer feeding until the Z3, Z4 and Z5 stages resulted in higher percentages of megalopa metamorphosis than in regime control, but did not significantly impact development time, carapace width, body length and wet weight of megalopa. 

Effects of rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Robson Thomaz Thuler ◽  
Fernando Henrique Iost Filho ◽  
Hamilton César De Oliveira Charlo ◽  
Sergio Antônio De Bortoli
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Kluyvera Ascorbata ◽  
And Behavior

Plant induced resistance is a tool for integrated pest management, aimed at increasing plant defense against stress, which is compatible with other techniques. Rhizobacteria act in the plant through metabolic changes and may have direct effects on plant-feeding insects. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cabbage plants inoculated with rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Cabbage seeds inoculated with 12 rhizobacteria strains were sowed in polystyrene trays and later transplanted into the greenhouse. The cabbage plants with sufficient size to support stress were then infested with diamondback moth caterpillars. Later, healthy leaves suffering injuries were collected and taken to the laboratory to feed P. xylostella second instar caterpillars that were evaluated for larval and pupal viability and duration, pupal weight, and sex ratio. The reduction of leaf area was then calculated as a measure of the amount of larval feeding. Non-preference for feeding and oviposition assays were also performed, by comparing the control treatment and plants inoculated with different rhizobacterial strains. Plants inoculated with the strains EN4 of Kluyvera ascorbata and HPF14 of Bacillus thuringiensis negatively affected the biological characteristics of P. xylostella when such traits were evaluated together, without directly affecting the insect behavior.

Can Anastrepha fraterculus larval feeding influence chemotaxis and parasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Aganaspis pelleranoi?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Patricia Daniela da Silva Pires ◽  
Josué Sant’ Ana ◽  
Luiza Rodrigues Redaelli
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major barrier to fruit production and exportation. In Brazil, the native parasitoid Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) stand out as biological control agents. Knowledge of the factors that affect interactions among parasitoids, A. fraterculus, and host fruits may enhance the use of these agents in biological control programmes. This study evaluated the chemotaxis and parasitism of A. pelleranoi and D. longicaudata females reared on A. fraterculus larvae and kept on an artificial diet, red guava (Psidium guajava) or apple (Malus domestica). Females of both parasitoid species that emerged from larvae raised on artificial diet, guava or apple, were tested to Y olfactometer choice tests. In the parasitism tests, both parasitoid species were made to choose between A. fraterculus larvae brushed with water, apple pulp or guava pulp. D. longicaudata females from artificial diet (control) did not distinguish between fruit odours; however, females of D. longicaudata from larvae kept in apple or guava directed to the odours of their original fruit. The greatest parasitism for D. longicaudata occurred in the units that contained the pulp in which the larvae grew. A. pelleranoi from artificial diet preferred guava odours, including the females kept in apple. Similar results were observed in the parasitism bioassays. Our results found that A. fraterculus larval feeding influenced search behaviour and parasitism of D. longicaudata, whereas A. pelleranoi rearing experience did not affect its host choices.

Comparative performance and digestive physiology of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Trichosanthes anguina (Cucurbitaceae) cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Debnath ◽  
Syed Husne Mobarak ◽  
Paroma Mitra ◽  
Anandamay Barik
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Diaphania Indica ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Proteolytic Activities

AbstractDiaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an important phytophagous pest of Trichosanthes anguina L. in India. We studied life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex, amylolytic and proteolytic activities, and food utilization parameters of D. indica on the leaves of three T. anguina cultivars (Baruipur Long, Polo No. 1 and MNSR-1). Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids and nitrogen) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols and tannins) in leaves were determined. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was the shortest on MNSR-1 (19.79 d) and the longest on Polo No. 1 (25.72 d). Fecundity was the highest and lowest on MNSR-1 (259 eggs) and Polo No. 1 (151.22 eggs), respectively. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and net reproductive rate (R0) of D. indica on Polo No. 1 were 0.1112 d−1 and 27.22 offspring individual−1, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest on MNSR-1 (23.99 days) and the longest on Polo No. 1 (29.70 d). The larvae of D. indica fed with MNSR-1 had the highest level of amylolytic and proteolytic activities, and the lowest activities were in the larvae fed with Polo No. 1. The fifth-instar larvae fed with Polo No. 1 had the lowest consumption index and growth rate. The higher larval development time and lower fecundity of D. indica on Polo No. 1 were due to the lower level of nutrients and a higher level of antinutrients than other cultivars. Our results concluded that Polo No. 1 cultivar could be suggested for cultivation.

scholarly journals Life Tables of Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its Predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Fazlul Hoque ◽  
W Islam ◽  
M Khalequzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Finite Capacity ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Capacity For Increase

Life table of Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis on bean leaflets were studied under laboratory conditions in three seasons. For T. urticae the development time from egg to adult varied from 7 to 24 days and the highest immature mortality was 78.70 % in winter. Eggs laid by females were 88.1 eggs in autumn and 70.6 eggs in summer season. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest (65.51) in autumn and 52.50 in summer. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was the highest (15.862) in autumn and 8.916 in summer. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase (λ) reached maximal values (0.1873 and 1.206) in autumn, whereas minimal values (0.056 and 1.058) were in winter season. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest in summer and double (3.701) days in autumn. The development time of P. persimilis from egg to adult varied from 5 to 14 days. The highest immature mortality was 60% in summer. Eggs laid by females were 39.4 eggs in autumn and 30.2 eggs in summer. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest (31.4) in autumn and 24.0 in summer. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was the highest (10.573) in autumn and 8.460 in winter. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase (λ) reached maximal values (0.1823 and 1.200) in summer, whereas minimal values (0.1025 and 1.108) were in winter. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest in summer. The results suggested that P. persimilis could develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures. Key words: Tetranychus urticae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, immature mortality, intrinsic rates of increase, reproductive rate, Survival  DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3733 J. bio-sci. 16: 1-10, 2008

Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Preference for Plant Structures, and Their Location, Within Bt Cotton Under Different Nitrogen and Irrigation Regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1741-1751
Author(s):  
Lewis R Braswell ◽  
Dominic D Reisig ◽  
Clyde E Sorenson ◽  
Guy D Collins
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Larval Distribution ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Behavioral Resistance ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Helicoverpa zea Boddie is a common economic pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), including transgenic cotton varieties that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Helicoverpa zea oviposition is similar in Bt and non-Bt cotton, but behavior of H. zea larvae can be different in the presence of Bt, with neonates moving away from terminals faster in single-toxin Bt than non-Bt cotton or avoiding Bt-treated diet in the lab. We quantified H. zea oviposition and larval distribution on structures within cotton plants in small plot experiments of Cry1Ac + Cry1F cotton for 2 yr under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments. More eggs were oviposited on plants receiving nitrogen application during 2016 and on leaves in the top section of irrigated plants during 2017, but other treatment effects on eggs or larvae were minimal. Helicoverpa zea eggs were most common on leaves in the top third of plants at position zero and middle section of cotton plants throughout the season, but some oviposition occurred on fruiting structures as well. First and second instars were more common on squares in the top section of plants during 2016 and bolls in the middle and lower sections during 2017 due to oviposition lower in the canopy during 2017. During both years, third through fifth instars were more common on bolls in the middle and lower section of plants closer to the main stem. These findings have resistance management implications as extended larval feeding on bolls could optimize nutrition, decrease Bt susceptibility, and potentially influence behavioral resistance.

Effects of Two Cultivated Brassica spp. on the Development and Performance of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitizing Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2094-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu ◽  
Stephen T O Othim
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Diadegma Semiclausum ◽  
Cotesia Vestalis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., is the most destructive pest affecting vegetable production in Kenya and around the world. Parasitoids have shown promising results in lowering the pest populations and damage caused by DBM. However, variations in host plant quality have been reported to have bottom-up effects up to the third and fourth trophic levels. We assessed the effects of two cultivated Brassica varieties (cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cultivar ‘Gloria F1’ and kale, B. oleracea var. acephala L. cultivar ‘Thousand headed’) on the development and performance of the specialist pest P. xylostella and two exotic parasitoids Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) and Cotesia vestalis (Haliday). The exposed larval period of DBM took about 1.5 d longer on kale than cabbage and the total immature development time of both females and males was significantly longer on kale than cabbage. Higher pupal weight and higher fecundity were recorded on DBM fed on kale. Development time of D. semiclausum and C. vestalis was not affected by the host crop as was the parasitism rate of D. semiclausum. Heavier male pupae and larger adults of D. semiclausum, as well as more fecund adults of C. vestalis, were obtained from hosts fed on cabbage. Larger adults of C. vestalis were obtained from herbivores fed on kale. These results show potentially positive effects of host plant allelochemicals that are detrimental to herbivores while promoting parasitoid development and performance, which can be harnessed for the control of DBM.

Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Development and Movement on Bacillus thuringiensis-treated Cotton Leaves

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ashfaq ◽  
S. Y. Young ◽  
R. W. McNew
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Transfer Times

Larval mortality, survivorship and movement of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), on and away from Bacillus thuringiensis-treated cotton leaves were investigated in the laboratory. Bacillus thuringiensis (Costar®, Novartis Crop Protection, Inc; Greensboro, NC) was applied to the upper surface of cotton leaves via a spray table in five concentrations, i.e., 0.0 (control), 0.14, 0.29, 0.58, and 1.15 kg/ha. Three-day-old H. zea larvae were released on treated leaves, kept at 30°C, and transferred to artificial diet after 12, 24, and 48 h. Significantly higher numbers of larvae were found on the lower than upper leaf surface after all three transfer times, but the numbers surviving in all treatments were similar to the control. Larval movement from the leaf to cup surface was significantly higher in B. thuringiensis-treated leaves than in the control. The mortality of larvae that were transferred from leaves to diet at 7 d after treatment was significantly higher in all treatments than in the control and highest at the highest rates (0.58 and 1.15 kg/ha). Data on survival of larvae at different locations suggest that for the first 24 h, the increase in the percentage of larvae on the inner cup surface in B. thuringiensis treatments was not due to larvae that had consumed a lethal dose, but an attempt to avoid the B. thuringiensis on the upper leaf surface. Highest larval weight was recorded in the control for all transfer times. The length of the larval period increased with the B. thuringiensis rate at the 12-h transfer. The pupal weight was reduced at the highest B. thuringiensis rates at the 48-h transfer.

The role of physical and chemical stimuli in the development of in vitro feeding techniques for tsetse flies Glossina spp. (Dipt., Glossinidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
In Vitro Feeding ◽  
Physical And Chemical

In laboratory experiments at Langford, Bristol, agar membranes were superior to Parafilm membranes for the in vitro feeding of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G.austeni Newst. Temperature appears to be the primary stimulus for probing but agar membranes stimulate some probing, probably because of the humidity gradient above the membrane. Agar membranes also stimulate gorging, and enhance the effect of the phagostimulant adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP). Agar membranes may simulate conditions on and in the skin of a living host by stimulating tactile and/or hygroreceptors in the mouthparts of the probing fly. G. morsitans females fed on blood containing ATP concentrations up to 5 × 10−3 M gave a higher reproductive rate and higher pupal weights. The rate of breakdown of ATP in bovine blood during one hour at 37°C indicated the amounts that need to be added to maintain optimal concentrations during feeding. There was positive correlation between pupal weight and reproductive rate of G. morsitans with the membrane-feeding system, but a maximum of only 80% of the optimal rate of reproduction and 80% of the optimal pupal weight was achieved. On living hosts this correlation did not hold, the pupal weights being higher, suggesting that the membrane-feeding system constitutes a stress factor. The stress of in vitro feeding does not apparently involve probing or gorging stimuli but its symptoms are those of nutritional deficiency. It is concluded that post mortem changes in vertebrate blood may affect quantitative aspects of feeding, or they may affect either the nutritional content of the blood or the ability of the insects to metabolise it correctly.

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