Comparative Analysis of Two Rearing Procedures for Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Shelton ◽  
R. J. Cooley ◽  
M. K. Kroening ◽  
W. T. Wilsey ◽  
S. D. Eigenbrode
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Larval Survivorship ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Rape Seedlings

Rape seedlings, Brassica napus L., and a wheat germ-based artificial diet were compared as media for rearing diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), for six generations. Mean pupal weight and total number of eggs laid per female were always greater when larvae were reared on artificial diet; however, percentage of eggs hatching was usually greater and development time usually shorter when larvae were reared on rape seedlings. High larval survivorship (>70%) could be obtained on either media. Larvae which were reared on artificial diet were consistently more susceptible to the insecticides methomyl and permethrin, indicating potential problems in using artificial diet for insecticide studies. When larvae were reared on either medium for six generations and then transferred to cabbage, larval survivorship was nearly equal, indicating that either method could be used for artificially incoculating plants for host plant resistance studies. Although it was easier and cheaper to rear DBM on artificial diet, recommendations for using one rearing method over the other must be based on the ultimate use of the colony.

Influence of Different Larval Feeding Regimes and Diet Presentation Methods on Chrysoperla Rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Development

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Greenberg ◽  
Donald A. Nordlund ◽  
E. G. King
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Chrysoperla Rufilabris ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Presentation Methods

Results of a comparative analysis of the effects of seven different larval feeding regimes on the development of individually reared Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) larvae are presented. Also, four methods for presenting liquid artificial diet (capillary tubes, sponge, agarose based jelly, and artificial eggs) are discussed. Development time, pupal weight, fecundity, and reproductive rate were higher for C. rufilabris larvae reared on the eggs of either Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) or Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) than for those reared on artificial diet. Diet presentation methods that show promise include agarose-based jelly and artificial eggs.

scholarly journals Influence of Sweetpotato Resin Glycosides on the Life Cycle of the Diamondback Moth

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 606a-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Peterson ◽  
D.M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Lifetime Fecundity ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Sublethal Doses

Resin glycosides extracted from sweetpotato skins were bioassayed for their effects on survival, development, and fecundity of diamondback moths, Plutella xylostella (L.). Glycosides were incorporated into an artificial diet (Bio-Serv, Inc.) and fed to diamondback larvae. Neonatals were individually fed artificial diet with 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 mg·mL-1. There were highly significant negative correlations between glycoside levels and survival as well as weight of survivors after 6 days. A significant positive relationship existed between dosages and development time. Lifetime fecundity was negatively affected at sublethal doses. The glycosides are viewed as contributors to resistance to the wireworm, Diabrotica and Systena insect complex.

LABORATORY REARING OF THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DIETS

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1227-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. AliNiazee ◽  
R. D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens

AbstractIn a laboratory study, larvae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were successfully reared on an artificial diet consisting of wood pulp, agar, wheat germ, Brewer’s yeast, sugar, salt, choline chloride, ascorbic, citric and propionic acids, cholesterol, methyl para-hydroxybenzoate (MPH), and water. Ten other diets consisting of various ingredients obtained variable results. A premixed tropical fruit fly diet (prepared by Nutritional Biochemicals, Cleveland, Ohio) was not suitable for rearing the cherry maggots. Formaldehyde was not satisfactory as a mold inhibitor.The eggs were obtained on artificial cherries made up of a soft ceresin wax. No oviposition occurred on the other materials tested (candle wax, a regular ceresin wax, beeswax, and silicone). Significantly (5% level) more eggs were deposited on wax cherries of orange, green, and greenish-yellow colors than black, red, white and blue. A laboratory rearing method employing orange colored wax cherries and an artificial larval diet was established for culturing the western cherry fruit flies.

Effects of rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Robson Thomaz Thuler ◽  
Fernando Henrique Iost Filho ◽  
Hamilton César De Oliveira Charlo ◽  
Sergio Antônio De Bortoli
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Kluyvera Ascorbata ◽  
And Behavior

Plant induced resistance is a tool for integrated pest management, aimed at increasing plant defense against stress, which is compatible with other techniques. Rhizobacteria act in the plant through metabolic changes and may have direct effects on plant-feeding insects. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cabbage plants inoculated with rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Cabbage seeds inoculated with 12 rhizobacteria strains were sowed in polystyrene trays and later transplanted into the greenhouse. The cabbage plants with sufficient size to support stress were then infested with diamondback moth caterpillars. Later, healthy leaves suffering injuries were collected and taken to the laboratory to feed P. xylostella second instar caterpillars that were evaluated for larval and pupal viability and duration, pupal weight, and sex ratio. The reduction of leaf area was then calculated as a measure of the amount of larval feeding. Non-preference for feeding and oviposition assays were also performed, by comparing the control treatment and plants inoculated with different rhizobacterial strains. Plants inoculated with the strains EN4 of Kluyvera ascorbata and HPF14 of Bacillus thuringiensis negatively affected the biological characteristics of P. xylostella when such traits were evaluated together, without directly affecting the insect behavior.

scholarly journals Toxicity and Sublethal Effect of Farnesyl Acetate on Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Norazila Yusoff ◽  
Idris Abd Ghani ◽  
Nurul Wahida Othman ◽  
Wan Mohd Aizat ◽  
Maizom Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Female Ratio

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is the most important pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the properties of selected farnesyl derivative compounds against P. xylostella. The toxicity and sublethal concentration (LC50) of farnesyl acetate, farnesyl acetone, farnesyl bromide, farnesyl chloride, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone were investigated for 96 h. The leaf-dip bioassays showed that farnesyl acetate had a high level of toxicity against P. xylostella compared to other tested farnesyl derivatives. The LC50 value was 56.41 mg/L on the second-instar larvae of P. xylostella. Then, the sublethal effects of farnesyl acetate on biological parameters of P. xylostella were assessed. Compared to the control group, the sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate decreased pupation and emergence rates, pupal weight, fecundity, egg hatching rate, female ratio, and oviposition period. Furthermore, the developmental time of P. xylostella was extended after being exposed to farnesyl acetate. Moreover, the application of farnesyl acetate on P. xylostella induced morphogenetic abnormalities in larval–pupal intermediates, adults that emerged with twisted wings, or complete adults that could not emerge from the cocoon. These results suggested that farnesyl acetate was highly effective against P. xylostella. The sublethal concentration of farnesyl acetate could reduce the population of P. xylostella by increasing abnormal pupal and adults, and by delaying its development period.

scholarly journals The influence of vortices upon the resitance experienced by solids moving through a liquid

1928 ◽  
Vol 119 (781) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Perfect Fluid ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Resultant Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Perfect Fluids ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
The Moment

(1) It is not so long ago that it was generally believed that the "classical" hydrodynamics, as dealing with perfect fluids, was, by reason of the very limitations implied in the term "perfect," incapable of explaining many of the observed facts of fluid motion. The paradox of d'Alembert, that a solid moving through a liquid with constant velocity experienced no resultant force, was in direct contradiction with the observed facts, and, among other things, made the lift on an aeroplane wing as difficult to explain as the drag. The work of Lanchester and Prandtl, however, showed that lift could be explained if there was "circulation" round the aerofoil. Of course, in a truly perfect fluid, this circulation could not be produced—it does need viscosity to originate it—but once produced, the lift follows from the theory appropriate to perfect fluids. It has thus been found possible to explain and calculate lift by means of the classical theory, viscosity only playing a significant part in the close neighbourhood ("grenzchicht") of the solid. It is proposed to show, in the present paper, how the presence of vortices in the fluid may cause a force to act on the solid, with a component in the line of motion, and so, at least partially, explain drag. It has long been realised that a body moving through a fluid sets up a train of eddies. The formation of these needs a supply of energy, ultimately dissipated by viscosity, which qualitatively explains the resistance experienced by the solid. It will be shown that the effect of these eddies is not confined to the moment of their birth, but that, so long as they exist, the resultant of the pressure on the solid does not vanish. This idea is not absolutely new; it appears in a recent paper by W. Müller. Müller uses some results due to M. Lagally, who calculates the resultant force on an immersed solid for a general fluid motion. The result, as far as it concerns vortices, contains their velocities relative to the solid. Despite this, the term — ½ ρq 2 only was used in the pressure equation, although the other term, ρ ∂Φ / ∂t , must exist on account of the motion. (There is, by Lagally's formulæ, no force without relative motion.) The analysis in the present paper was undertaken partly to supply this omission and partly to check the result of some work upon two-dimensional potential problems in general that it is hoped to publish shortly.

The effect of leguminous plant species onCallosobruchus maculatus(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its egg parasitoidUscana lariophaga(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Huis ◽  
M. de Rooy
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leguminous Plant ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Storage Pest

AbstractThe performance of the egg parasitoidUscana lariophagaSteffan was studied when reared on eggs of the bruchid storage pest,Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) developing in seeds of cowpea, chickpea and pigeonpea. The beetle laid more and larger eggs on pigeonpea than on cowpea and chickpea, indicating that there was not a trade-off between number and size of the eggs. The bruchid larvae reared on pigeonpea exhibited a longer development time and a higher mortality than those reared on cowpea and chickpea. The resulting males weighed less than those reared on cowpea and chickpea. The trichogrammatidU. lariophagaparasitized more eggs whenC. maculatuswas reared on chickpea than when reared on the other hosts. Parasitoid larvae developed slowest and had the highest mortality in eggs ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea compared to those reared on cowpea and chickpea; the sex ratio (% of females) of the resulting adults was also higher. The high mortality and long development time ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea indicated that this legume was less favourable toC. maculatusthan chickpea or cowpea. This was probably also true for the parasitoid since the mortality was higher and development longer in eggs ofC. maculatusreared on pigeonpea compared to those reared on cowpea and chickpea. Therefore, when host eggs were larger and of lower nutritional quality, the proportion of female egg parasitoids was greater.

The Philosophy‐Literature Interface

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan May
Keyword(s):  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Modes Of Thought

Analytic philosophy has come to dominate modern academic thought.  It is a method of study that attempts to solve problems through a logical analysis of the terms in which they are expressed.  In many ways, analytic philosophy strives not to discover new metaphysical or supernatural truths.  Rather, it is meant to provide a deeper understanding of existing truths.  This strain of philosophy, I believe, sets forth exactly those goals and methods of thinking upon which philosophy should concentrate.  The investigation and clarification of the state of the world, whether through logic, metaphysics, value theory, or epistemology, is an invaluable development that is best suited to philosophical analysis.   However, this restricted focus means that something must pick up where philosophy leaves off.  The solutions to any potential problems or shortcomings necessarily imposed on analytic philosophy need to be found within a different realm of study.  This support to philosophy can be found in the study of English, or literature.  Neither realm of thought is more inherently valuable.  Each is needed for different reasons, and each relies on the other.  Philosophy needs literature to enter the modes of thought into which it cannot validly stray.  Literature needs philosophy to provide a stable base of thought from which it can imaginatively expand.  In short, no set of ideas can stand alone, and the rise of analytic philosophy has made its discipline’s role extremely clear.  It has also made evident the fact that philosophy’s greatest ally and clearest counterpart is literature.  

Effects of Two Cultivated Brassica spp. on the Development and Performance of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitizing Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2094-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu ◽  
Stephen T O Othim
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Diadegma Semiclausum ◽  
Cotesia Vestalis ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., is the most destructive pest affecting vegetable production in Kenya and around the world. Parasitoids have shown promising results in lowering the pest populations and damage caused by DBM. However, variations in host plant quality have been reported to have bottom-up effects up to the third and fourth trophic levels. We assessed the effects of two cultivated Brassica varieties (cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cultivar ‘Gloria F1’ and kale, B. oleracea var. acephala L. cultivar ‘Thousand headed’) on the development and performance of the specialist pest P. xylostella and two exotic parasitoids Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) and Cotesia vestalis (Haliday). The exposed larval period of DBM took about 1.5 d longer on kale than cabbage and the total immature development time of both females and males was significantly longer on kale than cabbage. Higher pupal weight and higher fecundity were recorded on DBM fed on kale. Development time of D. semiclausum and C. vestalis was not affected by the host crop as was the parasitism rate of D. semiclausum. Heavier male pupae and larger adults of D. semiclausum, as well as more fecund adults of C. vestalis, were obtained from hosts fed on cabbage. Larger adults of C. vestalis were obtained from herbivores fed on kale. These results show potentially positive effects of host plant allelochemicals that are detrimental to herbivores while promoting parasitoid development and performance, which can be harnessed for the control of DBM.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization of intracellular membrane glycocomponents is revealed by fracture-label.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Torrisi ◽  
P Pinto da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Wheat Germ Agglutinin ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Intracellular Membrane ◽  
Definition Of

We used thin-section fracture-label to determine the distribution of wheat-germ agglutinin binding sites in intracellular membranes of secretory and nonsecretory rat tissues as well as in human leukocytes. In all cases, analysis of the distribution of wheat germ agglutinin led to the definition of two endomembrane compartments: one, characterized by absence of the label, includes the membranes of mitochondria and peroxisomes as well as those of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope; the other, strongly labeled, comprises the membrane of lysosomes, phagocytic vacuoles, and secretory granules, as well as the plasma membrane. The Golgi apparatus was weakly labeled in all studied tissues.

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