scholarly journals Main (Grundfrage) and leading (Leitfrage) questions about being: Claim for ancient understanding

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-246
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Bogatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Being And Time ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Leading Question ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the question of being in Heidegger’s fundamental ontology, namely, his claim to understand the ancient idea of being. In his work “Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning)”, Heidegger distinguishes between the understanding of being as the being of everything that exists and his own understanding of being as such, out of connection with things. He calls the first point the “leading question” and attributes its authorship to Aristotle, the second one – “the main question”. The article discusses the relationship of these issues, the possibility of their formal coincidence and discrepancy between them. The first part of the article introduces the context of Heidegger’s thought. It deals with the “ontological difference” that Heidegger introduces in the framework of “Being and Time”, as well as with what transformation this difference undergoes in his later works, after the “turn” (“Kehre”). In the second part of the article, attention is drawn to the convergence and divergence of the “leading question” from the “main one” by clarifying the ontology of Aristotle. Particular attention is paid to various ways of understanding existence, in particular – an incidental and accidental existence. At the end of the article, the attempt will be made to reconstruct the direction of Heidegger's thought, based on the results of consideration achieved earlier.

Der Begriff ,Austrag‘ als Bestimmung des Seins bei Martin Heidegger

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-216
Author(s):  
Ales Novák
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In the late 1950sHeidegger revived the notion of the ,ontological difference‘, which he considered to be the constitution for the meaning of both ,being‘ (Sein) and the ,entity‘ (Seiendes). The unifying process of this constitution bore the name ,discharge‘ (Austrag) and expressed the dynamic, static, and generic features of ,being‘. But even this new description means only the designation for the primordial unconcealedness (Unverborgenheit), which according to Heidegger is the ,matter of thinking‘ (Sache des Denkens). And again, Heidegger brings just another notion to express that the ,nearness‘ as the comprising meaning of presence (Anwesen) is the true name for ,world‘. Thus, Heideggers notions for ,being‘ as presence, ,staying dwelling‘, ,enowing‘ (Ereignis), and ,discharge‘ speak about his turning away from thinking of ,being‘(ontology) and his turning towards ,topology‘, where the relationship of ,world and thing‘ is preferred to the ,ontological difference‘ between ,being‘ and the ,entity‘.

scholarly journals Heidegger's concept of 'Being-There' and fundamental concepts of traditional ontology

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-291
Author(s):  
Milotka Molnar-Sivc
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Being There ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Although the question of relationship between basic concepts of traditional ontology and central concepts of fundamental ontology is not a topic which is systematically dealt with in Being and Time, it is obvious that some of the theses which are crucial not only for Heidegger's interpretation of philosophical tradition, but also for the whole project of fundamental ontology, concern this 'conceptual scheme'. In fact, the backbone of Heidegger's critical confrontation with dominant philosophical conceptions is the question of relationship between the concept of 'substance' and the concept of 'Being', i.e. the discussion of philosophical doctrines in which 'Being' is reduced to 'substance'. Besides this context, which concerns the ontological problematics in the strict sense, it is possible to show that the refutation of the basic categories of traditional ontology is an issue which has a decisive role in more concrete phases of the realization of the project of fundamental ontology. This is especially confirmed in Heidegger's discussion of the concept of 'Being-There'. The interpretation of Heidegger's treatment of the relationship between the concepts of 'Being-there', 'existence' and 'existentials' on the one hand, and the concepts of 'substance', 'essence' and 'categories' on the other, shows that one of Heidegger's basic theses is that a transformation of concepts of traditional ontology is necessary for an appropriate understanding of human being.

scholarly journals Effect of Continuity and Smoothing of Profit on Corporate Profit- Stock Returns With Taking into Account the Heterogeneous Relationship of Profit - Efficiency on Companies Admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange

2019 ◽  
pp. 982-989
Author(s):  
Mehdi Alinezhad Sarokolaei ◽  
Mehdi Tahmasbi
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Earnings Quality ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Corporate Profit ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Corporate Profits ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuity and smoothing of profits on the relationship between corporate profits - Stock efficiency taking into account the heterogeneous profit relationship – efficiency on companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, generally, profit has always been a factor in investor decisions. In this regard, on the one hand, accounting and stock returns are linked together, on the other hand, the variable of earnings quality is related to accounting profit and stock returns. So it may be that the question arises what is the effect of the continuity and smoothing of profits on the relationship between accounting profit and stock returns? The present research seeks to answer this question; as a result, the main question of the research is presented as follows: What is the effect of continuity and smoothing of earnings on the relationship between earnings and stock returns for listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange? To check this, the data of 123 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2012-2016 were used; data was analyzed using the Logit method using Eviews10 software. Evidence and empirical findings have shown that; both profit continuity and profit smoothing criteria have significant effects on the heterogeneous relationship between current period earnings and stock returns.

scholarly journals Effect of Continuity and Smoothing of Profit on Corporate Profit- Stock Returns With Taking into Account the Heterogeneous Relationship of Profit - Efficiency on Companies Admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange.

2018 ◽  
pp. 693-700
Author(s):  
Mehdi Alinezhad Sarokolaei ◽  
Mehdi Tahmasbi
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Earnings Quality ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Corporate Profit ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Corporate Profits ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuity and smoothing of profits on the relationship between corporate profits - Stock efficiency taking into account the heterogeneous profit relationship – efficiency on companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, generally, profit has always been a factor in investor decisions. In this regard, on the one hand, accounting and stock returns are linked together, on the other hand, the variable of earnings quality is related to accounting profit and stock returns. So it may be that the question arises what is the effect of the continuity and smoothing of profits on the relationship between accounting profit and stock returns? The present research seeks to answer this question; as a result, the main question of the research is presented as follows: What is the effect of continuity and smoothing of earnings on the relationship between earnings and stock returns for listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange? To check this, the data of 123 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2012-2016 were used; data was analyzed using the Logit method using Eviews10 software. Evidence and empirical findings have shown that; both profit continuity and profit smoothing criteria have significant effects on the heterogeneous relationship between current period earnings and stock returns.

Respekt vor Patientenautonomie und Achtung der Menschenwürde

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-211
Author(s):  
Sibylle Rolf
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
Leading Question ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The study investigates the »Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics« published by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress (1979, 52001) with a particular concern for the principle of respect for autonomy. The leading question is in which philosophical background autonomy is dealt with by Beauchamp/Childress and by the enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant, while the more emipirical theoretical framework of Beauchamp/Childress and the rationalistic framework of Kant are being analyzed. After having considered the foundation of autonomy both in Beauchamp/Childress and Kant, the study turns to the relationship of autonomy and human dignity by exploring the implicit extension of autonomy, human dignity and being human, and asks which consequences have to be drawn from a theological point of view.

Heideggers geofilosofie

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-199
Author(s):  
Frans van Peperstraten
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
World War ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Country

Abstract Heidegger’s geophilosophyIn Heidegger’s ‘Black Notebooks’, his geophilosophy, the fact that he attributes a crucial importance to different places, becomes more evident than in his other works. The effect of this geophilosophy is that ontological difference ‐ the key point of Heidegger’s thinking ‐ is mixed up with, or replaced by, ontic differences. If in Being and Time Dasein’s ‘ground’ is an openness to Being, later this word often refers to Germany as a specific country. In 1939, just before the start of World War II, Hölderlin’s view of the relationship between ‘the own’ and ‘the foreign’ inspires Heidegger to see the possibility of a complementary relationship between the German and the Russian people. During and after World War II, Heidegger’s criticism of ‘Western’ metaphysics is strongly colored by his hostility to England, France and the U.S.A. In response to metaphysical universalism he relates different types of it to specific regions on earth. Remarkably, his criticism of metaphysics brings him to both support and criticize the notion of race.

scholarly journals World, Time And Anxiety. Heidegger’s Existential Analytic And Psychiatry

Folia Medica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
Francesca Brencio
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Understanding

Abstract Martin Heidegger was one of the most influential but also criticized philosophers of the XX century. With Being and Time 1927 he sets apart his existential analytic from psychology as well as from anthropology and from the other human sciences that deny the ontological foundation, overcoming the Cartesian dualism in search of the ontological unit of an articulated multiplicity, as human being is. Heidegger’s Dasein Analytic defines the fundamental structures of human being such as being-in-the-world, a unitary structure that discloses the worldhood of the world; the modes of being (Seinsweisen), such as fear (Furcht) and anxiety (Angst); and the relationship between existence and time. In his existential analytic, anxiety is one of the fundamental moods (Grundbefindlichkeit) and it plays a pivotal role in the relationship of Dasein with time and world. The paper firstly focuses on the modes of being, underlining the importance of anxiety for the constitution of human being; secondly, it shows the relationship between anxiety and the world, and anxiety and time: rejecting both the Aristotelian description of time, as a sequence of moments that informs our common understanding of time, and the Augustine’s mental account of inner time, Heidegger considers temporality under a transcendental point of view. Temporality is ek-static, it is a process through which human being comes toward and back to itself, letting itself encounter the world and the entities. The transcendental interpretation of time provided by Heidegger may give its important contribution to psychopathology.

scholarly journals Human identity in Plato’s Alcibiades I (some notes on anthropological questions in ancient Greek philosophy)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-268
Author(s):  
Daniil Dorofeev
Keyword(s):  
Material Property ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Human Identity ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to Plato’s Alcibiades I and explores its main question: what is your proper self? The author pays special attention to the concept of “ayto to ayto”, which he takes to mean “selfhood”. This concept is analyzed as the first fundamental philosophical form of understanding of human identity, which Plato viewed as a soul. Plato fundamentally distinguishes essence of a person (ayto to ayto) from things that belong to a person, the attributes of human being (such as his body and material property). The author explores the Platonic understanding of human identity in the context of ancient ontology and anthropology, which includes an analysis of the relationship of a single person and universal being, authentic and inauthentic Ego, the soul (mind) and the body, the significance of “care about self” (epimeilea heautou) and “cognition of self” (gnothi seautou), etc. The concept of Plato represents the first experience of comprehending the human identity ("ayto to ayto" as soul) which appears as impersonal subject and media Being, but realized in perspective of self-correlation "care of self" and "cognition of self" by particular man.

scholarly journals M. HEIDEGGER’S METAPHYSICS OF FINITENESS: HISTORY AS THE SUBJECT AREA OF UNDERSTANDING

2021 ◽  
pp. 216-233
Author(s):  
Борис Львович Губман ◽  
Карина Викторовна Ануфриева
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Fundamental Ontology ◽  
Global Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metaphysical Tradition ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diachronic Unity

Статья ориентирована на анализ М. Хайдеггером предмета и специфики познавательных средств истории в перспективе предложенной им метафизики конечности. Показано, что обращение к этому проблемному полю явилось результатом его размышлений над взаимосвязью основоположений фундаментальной онтологии с обоснованием предмета и способа постижения истории. Учение Хайдеггера в этом ракурсе сопряжено, как показано в статье, с интенсивным диалогом с идеями В. Дильтея и Ф. Ницше. Дильтей является автором, позволившим Хайдеггеру переосмыслить в экзистенциальном ключе не только историчность Dasein, но и такие феномены как понимание и интерпретация, изначальная открытость смысла исторической традиции. Однако в отличие от Дильтея, утверждавшего плюрализм культурных миров и не принимавшего возможности их рассмотрения в горизонте диахронного единства, Хайдеггер полагал, что герменевтическая перспектива не является препятствием к поиску глобального смысла всемирной истории. Заимствуя у Ницше генеалогическую методологию, он критически пересматривая его видение истории сквозь призму становления нигилизма как забвения жизни. Всемирная история и современный культурный кризис, по его мнению, обретают объяснение в свете разработанного им видения нигилистического забвения Бытия, порожденного европейской метафизической традицией, завершением которой выступает метафизика воли Ницше. The article is focused on M. Heidegger's analysis of the field and the cognitive means of history in the perspective of the metaphysics of finiteness proposed by him. It reveals that the appeal to this problem field was the result of his reflections on the relationship of the basic principles of fundamental ontology with the substantiation of the subject area and strategy of comprehending history. Heidegger's teaching in this perspective is associated with an intensive dialogue with the ideas of W. Dilthey and F. Nietzsche. Dilthey is the author who allowed Heidegger to rethink in an existential way not only the historicity of Dasein, but also such phenomena as understanding and interpretation, the initial openness of the meaning of historical tradition. However, unlike Dilthey, who argued for the pluralism of cultural worlds and did not accept the possibility of considering them in the horizon of diachronic unity, Heidegger believed that the hermeneutic perspective is not an obstacle to the search for the global meaning of world history. Borrowing the genealogical methodology from Nietzsche, he critically revised his vision of history through the prism of the formation of nihilism as the oblivion of life. World history and the contemporary cultural crisis, in his opinion, find an explanation in the light of the nihilist forgetfulness of Being generated by the European metaphysical tradition, the completion of which is the Nietzschean metaphysics of will.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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