Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Persian Dynamic Spatial Quick Speech-in-Noise Test in Adults with Normal Hearing

Background and Aim: Spatial hearing is a prerequisite for the proper function of the listener in complex auditory environments. In the present study, a Persian version of the dynamic spatial-quick speech in noise (DS-QSIN) has been developed with respect to all possible factors affecting the test and to run five lists for normal hearing subjects and assessment of reliability. Methods: To construct five new lists according to the original quick speech in noise (QSIN) test, we used frequent, familiar, and difficult words to construct unpredictable sentences. After determining the content and face validity of the sentences, 30 selected sentences were played using a DS-QSIN software for 35 subjects aged 18–25 years. The reliability of the test was assessed after repeating the test after two weeks. Results: According to expert judges, these 30 sentences showed acceptable content and face validity with the changes. The average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss of five lists was –5.2 dB. No significant difference was seen between men and women in all lists. The results indicate no difference in the average SNR loss between the five lists. Regarding the reliability assessment, the test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.5 to 0.7 (p<0.05). The intra-class correlation coefficient between test-retest was statistically significant (p>0.001) and confirmed that the lists have high reliability and repeatability. Conclusion: DS-QSIN test showed good validity and reliability and can be helpful in diagnosis and selecting the best method for rehabilitation of people with a spatial hearing disorder.

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Equipping Adult Learners with Basic Literacy Skills for Cognitive Sustainability in Lagos State, Nigeria

Jurnal Pendidikan Nonformal ◽

10.17977/um041v16i1p64-76 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Blessing Anyikwa ◽

Oyekunle Oyekunle Yinusa

Keyword(s):

Adult Learners ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Rank Order ◽

Literacy Skills ◽

State Agency ◽

Face Validity ◽

Mass Education ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lagos State

Abstract The non-literate adult citizens in Nigeria are often faced with the inability to apply mental intelligence in their lifestyles which is reducing their worth and relevance in the 21st century literate society. The study therefore, seeks to equip adult learners with basic literacy skills for cognitive sustainability in Lagos state, Nigeria. Four research questions were raised and answered; and four hypotheses were tested to guide the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The instruments adopted for the study were Key Informant Interview (KII) and a Questionnaire. A 20-item questionnaire titled “Adult Learners’ Basic Literacy Skills Questionnaire”, (ALBLSQ) was developed by the researchers. The instrument was validated using content and face validity according to the standard approved by the National Mass Education Commission in Nigeria, and the State Agency for Mass Education in Lagos State, Nigeria (NMEC/NOGALSS). A total of one hundred and eighty (180) questionnaires were administered purposively to adult learners across the six NMEC/NOGALSS literacy centers in Lagos state, and one hundred and forty-five (145) were retrieved. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using a test-retest procedure, which gave a correlation coefficient of 0.87. The data was presented using frequency distribution tables, percentages, and Bar Charts. The data was analyzed using Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and T-test statistical tools to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significance level. The study revealed that a significant difference exists between the performance of adult learners before intervention and the performance of adult learners after intervention of the adult basic literacy programme amongst others. The study concluded and recommended that the curriculum of the adult basic literacy should be designed to have a combination of English and mother tongue language as a medium of instruction in order to aid cognitive development among adult learners, inter alia.

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Validity and reliability of badminton-specific Reactive Agility TestBadmintona özgü geliştirilen Reaktif Çeviklik Testinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v15i1.5211 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 594

Author(s):

Mehmet Yıldız ◽

Uğur Fidan

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

T Test ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Reactive Agility ◽

The Difference

Many laboratory and field tests are used in the literature to measure agility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reliability and validity of a new Reactive Agility Test developed for badminton. A total of fourty male [ 20 elites (age: 20.8 ± 2.98 year, height: 174.55 ± 12.03 cm, weight: 65.70 ± 14.41 kg) and 20 sub-elites (age: 22.20±1,51, height: 170.01 ± 05.80 cm, weight: 62.45 ± 6,45 kg)] badminton players took part in the present study. For validity, the difference and relationship between newly developed reactive agility and planned changing direction tests in terms of elit and sub-elit players was examined. In the reliability measurements of test-retest, The Reactive Agility Test at same route was performed twice. Independent sample t test was carried out in order to detect the difference among the groups in the search for validity. The identification of the relations between the two different tests was performed with linear regression analysis. The reliability of test-retest was tried to be estimated with the coefficient of variances and intraclass correlation coefficient, and the Bland Altman method. In addition, a systematic difference between the test and the retest was estimated with the paired t test. At the end of the study, while there was not a significant difference found in the rates of planned changing direction of the elit and sub-elit players, it was detected that reactive agility rates were better in the elit players (7.14±4.85 sec and 9.87±5.07 sec, respectively). Moreover, a high coefficient determination was revealed between two tests (r2: 0.63, p<0.01). In the comparison of test-retest, a high intraclass correlation coefficient (0.930) and a very low coefficient of variances (4.7) were found. Furthermore, it was observed in the Bland Altman graph that a 95% of concordance range of the data obtained between two measurements was a good and narrow concordance. In conclusion, it was determined that the new developed badminton specific Reactive Agility Test is a valid and reliable measurement method and it is suggested that this test protocol can be used to enhance and monitor reactive agility ability of badminton players.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetLiteratürde çevikliğin ölçülmesi amacıyla birçok laboratuvar ve saha testi kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı badminton sporuna göre düzenlenmiş Reaktif Çeviklik Testinin güvenirlik ve geçerliğinin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırmaya toplam kırk erkek [20 elit (yaş: 20,8±2,98 yıl, boy uzunluğu: 174,55±12,03 cm, vücut ağırlığı:65,70±14,41 kg) ve 20 sub-elit (yaş: 22,20±1,51 yıl, boy uzunluğu: 170,01±05,80 cm, vücut ağırlığı:62,45±6,45 kg)] badminton oyuncusu katılmıştır. Geçerlik için yeni geliştirilen reaktif çeviklik ile planlı yön değiştirme testlerinin elit ve sub-elit katılımcılar arasındaki istatistiksel karşılaştırması ve ilişkisi analiz edilmiştir. Test-tekrar test güvenirlik ölçümlerinde aynı rotadaki reaktif çeviklik testi birer gün arayla iki kez uygulanmıştır. Geçerlik çalışmasında gruplar arası farkın belirlenmesi için bağımsız değişken t testi ve testler arası ilişkinin fonksiyonel olarak açıklanması ve bu ilişkinin bir modelle tanımlanması için basit doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Test-tekrar test güvenirliği varyasyon katsayısı, sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı ve Bland Altman metodu ile kestirim edilmiştir. Ayrıca test- tekrar test arasında sistematik bir farkın olup olmadığı eşleştirilmiş t testi ile sınanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda elit ve sub-elit oyuncuların planlı yön değiştirme bulguları anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken, reaktif çeviklik derecelerinin elit oyuncularda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklı (sırasıyla 7,14±4.85 sn ve 9,87±5,07 sn) şekilde düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber her iki test arasında yüksek düzeyde bir açıklayıcılık katsayısı tespit (r2: 0,63, p<0.01) edilmiştir. Test- tekrar test karşılaştırılmasında yüksek bir sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı (0,930) ve çok düşük varyasyon katsayısı (4,7) belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Bland-Altman grafiğinde iki ölçüm arasında elde edilen tüm verilerin %95 uyum aralığının dar ve iyi bir uyum gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, badminton sporuna göre düzenlenmiş Reaktif Çeviklik Testinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm yöntemi olduğu tespit edilmiştir ve badminton oyuncularının reaktif çeviklik becerilerinin geliştirilmesinde ve gelişimlerinin takibinde kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

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Psychometric Evaluation of the USE (Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of use) Questionnaire for Reliability and Validity

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931218621322 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 1414-1418 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Meiyuzi Gao ◽

Philip Kortum ◽

Frederick Oswald

Keyword(s):

Factor Model ◽

High Reliability ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Face Validity ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

System Sensitivity ◽

Microsoft Word ◽

System Usability Scale

The Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of Use Questionnaire (USE, Lund, 2001) measures the subjective usability of a product or service. It is a 30-item survey that examines four dimensions of usability: usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction. This metric can be applied to various scenarios of usability assessment because it is non-proprietary and technology-agnostic. Items in the USE also have good face validity with unambiguous and relevant descriptions. However, little published research has reported reliability or validity of the USE. The current study aims to address this issue by investigating psychometric properties of the USE. One hundred and fifty-one participants from Mechanical Turk (MTurk) evaluated Microsoft Word and Amazon.com on the USE and the System Usability Scale (SUS, Brooke, 1996). Ignoring the four dimensions in the USE, Cronbach’s alpha was .98, which indicates high reliability of overall USE score. The scale-reliability of dropping any item was .98 in both products. In terms of correlations between the USE dimensions and the SUS, validity was statistically and practically significant ( r between .60 and .82, p < .001). System sensitivity of the USE was also demonstrated via significant t-tests on the USE scores between Microsoft Word and Amazon.com . A principal axis factor analysis revealed a four-factor model that is different from the original model. Three factors resembled the original dimensions, and a fourth factor was related to multiple dimensions. Overall, the USE is a valid and reliable instrument that needs further refinement.

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Development and evaluation of a computer-based auditory training program for rehabilitation of children with decoding deficit

Auditory and Vestibular Research ◽

10.18502/avr.v27i3.56 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 143-149

Author(s):

Azam Aghaie ◽

Ali Akbar Tahaei ◽

Farnoush Jarollahi ◽

Mohammad Kamali

Keyword(s):

Training Program ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Auditory Training ◽

Face Validity ◽

Control Group ◽

Central Auditory Processing ◽

Speech In Noise ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Computer Based

Background and Aim: Decoding deficit is the most common central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). Given the benefits of computer-based auditory training programs for treatment of central disorders and the lack of such programs in Persian language, this study aimed to develop a computer-based auditory training program for decoding skill. We also evaluated this program in 8 to12 year old children with CAPD.Methods: The first stage of research was to develop a computer-based auditory training program. This program consists of three levels of phonological discrimination, syllable discrimination, and word discrimination. The second stage was to determine the content and face validity of the program. The third stage was to assess the program effect on five children with decoding deficit. The research method was interventional and had a pretest and post-test design with another five children as control group. The staggered spondaic word, phonemic synthesis (PS) and speech in noise tests was used to assess the children performance before and after training.Results: Mean scores of staggered spondaic word (SSW) and PS tests of the experimental group were significantly difference before and after the auditory training (p<0.05) as compared to control group. However, there was no significant difference with regard to the speech-in-noise test results (p>0.05).Conclusion: This computer-based auditory training program can be considered as a preliminary tool for the rehabilitation and treatment of decoding deficits in children with CAPD.

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Psychometric evaluation of the postpartum specific anxiety scale in an Iranian population (PSAS-IR)

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-04085-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Robab Hasanzadeh ◽

Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi ◽

Shirin Hasanpour ◽

Victoria Fallon ◽

Sergio A. Silverio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

Face Validity ◽

Psychological Consequences ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Postpartum Anxiety ◽

General Anxiety ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Back Translation

Abstract Background Anxiety is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders among mothers during the postpartum period, which can lead to maternal and infant physical and psychological consequences. The Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) predicts unique variance in postnatal outcomes over and above general anxiety tools. It has never been used in Iran and its validity and reliability have not been assessed either. Therefore, the present study aimed to translate and investigate the psychometric properties of the PSAS-IR. Methods 510 women, from six weeks to six months postpartum, were selected through random sampling in 2020. After forward and back-translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of PSAS (through confirmatory factor analysis) were examined. The reliability of the scale was assessed using both internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest stability methods. Results CVI and CVR values of the PSAS tool were 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. The good fit indices confirmed the validity of four-factor structure. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intra Correlation Coefficient (ICC) equaled 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Conclusion The Persian version of PSAS is a valid and reliable four-factor scale, it will improve the measurement of postpartum anxiety in an Iranian setting. This will improve the measurement of postpartum anxiety in an Iranian setting.

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Validity and Reliability of Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire (Lymph-ICF) Thai Version

Siriraj Medical Journal ◽

10.33192/smj.2021.35 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 268-274

Author(s):

Kingkaew Pajareya ◽

Chayaporn Chotiyarnwong ◽

Thapanee Sithawatdecha ◽

Rattanaporn Wattanasri

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Face Validity ◽

Expert Committee ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Disability And Health ◽

Study Objective ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Objective: The study objective is to adapt the Lymphoedema functioning, disability and health questionnaire (Lymph-ICF) for use in the Thai language and to investigate the validity and reliability of the Thai version.Materials and Methods: This study was done in 5 stages in line with established guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures; 1) Initial translation 2) Synthesis of the translations 3) Back translation 4) Expert committee review and 5) Test of the prefinal version. The face validity was assessed by interview content experts. In the assessment of the validity of the construct, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlations between the scores of the Thai Lymph-ICF and the scores of the Thai EQ-5D-5L. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to establish test-retest reliability while Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the whole questionnaire and of each domain.Results: Fifty participants were evaluated for validity and reliability. Face validity was supported. Construct validity showed strong correlations between the scores of the Thai Lymph-ICF and the scores of the Thai EQ-5D-5L. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were both excellent.Conclusion: The Lymph-ICF Thai version was shown to be both valid and reliable for evaluating the quality of life of patients with breast cancer-related lymphoedema.

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Development of Persian version of teachers’ evaluation of aural/oral performance of children scale

Auditory and Vestibular Research ◽

10.18502/avr.v29i2.2787 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Farzaneh Fatahi ◽

Narjes Hajisadeghian ◽

Fahimeh Hajiabolhassan ◽

Farzaneh Zamiri Abdollahi ◽

Shohreh Jalaie

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Hearing Impaired ◽

Face Validity ◽

Functional Evaluation ◽

Oral Performance ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Face ◽

Impaired Children ◽

Hearing Impaired Children

Background and Aim: Teachers’ evaluation of aural/oral performance of children (TEACH) scale is one of the scales used for assessing hearing-impaired children’s behaviors in real-life environments, regardless of the degree of hearing loss. The aim of the present study was development, determining validity and reliability of the Persian TEACH (P-TEACH) in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children. Methods: The TEACH scale was translated and cross-culturally adapted. After verifying the face validity of the scale, P-TEACH was performed on 40 normal-hearing and 42 hearing-impaired and its’ results were compared with the Persian parents' evaluation of aural/oral performance of children (P-PEACH). The test-retest reliability of P-TEACH was evaluated after two weeks on 10 subjects who were selected randomly. Results: Content validity index for item 3 was 0.8 and for others were 1. P-TEACH scores showed a significant difference between two groups (p < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between P-TEACH and P-PEACH scores (r = 0.59 to 0.87; p < 0.05). Cronbach's α for P-TEACH was 0.75 -0.98 for both groups. There was a significant correlation between children’s age and total score of P-TEACH in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children (r = 0.40 and 0.41 respectively; p ≤ 0.001). There was a significant correlation between test and retest of P-TEACH (r = 0.87 to 0.97; < 0.001). Conclusion: P-TEACH is a well-adapted valid and reliable tool for functional evaluation of the auditory performance of hearing-impaired children. The study showed that the P-TEACH has a strong agreement with the P-PEACH. Keywords: Evaluation of aural/oral performance of children; hearing impairment; parents' evaluation of aural/oral performance of children; reliability; teachers; validity

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Validity and Reliability of the Newly Developed Surface Electromyography Device for Measuring Muscle Activity during Voluntary Isometric Contraction

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/4068493 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Myung Hun Jang ◽

Se Jin Ahn ◽

Jun Woo Lee ◽

Min-Hyung Rhee ◽

Dasom Chae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Isometric Contraction ◽

Surface Electromyography ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

High Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Developed Surface

Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of the newly developed surface electromyography (sEMG) device (PSL-EMG-Tr1) compared with a conventional sEMG device (BTS-FREEEMG1000). Methods. In total, 20 healthy participants (10 males, age 30.3 ± 2.9 years; 10 females, age 22.3 ± 2.7 years) were recruited. EMG signals were recorded simultaneously on two devices during three different isometric contractions (maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC, 40% MVIC, 80% MVIC)). Two trials were performed, and the same session was repeated after 1 week. EMG amplitude recorded from the dominant biceps brachii (BB) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was analyzed for reliability using intrasession intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Concurrent validity of the two devices was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results. Nonnormalized sEMG data showed moderate to very high reliability for all three contraction levels (ICC = 0.832–0.937 (BB); ICC = 0.814–0.957 (RF)). Normalized sEMG values showed no to high reliability (ICC = 0.030–0.831 (BB); ICC = 0.547–0.828 (RF)). sEMG signals recorded by the PSL-EMG-Tr1 showed good to excellent validity compared with the BTS-FREEEMG1000, at 40% MVIC (r = 0.943 (BB), r = 0.940 (RF)) and 80% MVIC (r = 0.983 (BB); r = 0.763 (RF)). Conclusions. The PSL-EMG-Tr1 was performed with acceptable validity. Furthermore, the high accessibility and portability of the device are useful in adjusting the type and intensity of exercise.

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Arabic Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Depression Literacy Questionnaire among Adolescents

Psychiatry Journal ◽

10.1155/2016/8045262 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hussain Ahmed Darraj ◽

Mohamed Salih Mahfouz ◽

Rashad Mohamed Al Sanosi ◽

Mohammed Badedi ◽

Abdullah Sabai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Face Validity ◽

Arabic Version ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Knowledge And Beliefs ◽

Depression Literacy ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background. Depression is a serious mental health disease. Globally, it is estimated that almost 350 million people suffer from depression. It is important to assess depression literacy including knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders among adolescents.Objective. This study was conducted to validate the Arabic version of the Depression Literacy Questionnaire (D-Lit) among adolescents.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample size of 120 adolescents. Statistical analysis included face validation, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability testing. A test-retest was carried out within a two-week interval.Results. The mean score for depression literacy among participants was 8.6 (SD = 4.48), the median was 8, and the interquartile range was 7. Preliminary construct validation analysis confirmed that factor analysis was appropriate for the Arabic version of D-Lit. The total internal consistency was measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and split-half test and the results were 0.78 and 0.71, respectively. The test-retest reliability measured by Pearson’s correlation was 0.92 and spearman rho was equal to 0.91.Conclusions. Face validity, construct validity, and reliability analysis were found satisfactory for the Arabic version of D-Lit. The Arabic D-Lit was found valid and reliable to be used in the future studies.

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Validity and Reliability of the Korean version of the Communication Scale for Older Adults

Communication Sciences & Disorders ◽

10.12963/csd.21865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 944-963

Author(s):

Jin-Young Roh ◽

Seong Hee Choi ◽

Kyoungjae Lee ◽

Chul-Hee Choi

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Communication Strategies ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Depth Information ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Aural Rehabilitation ◽

Korean Version ◽

Communication Scale

Purpose: Aural rehabilitation has been used to reduce communication difficulties related to hearing loss and minimize their consequence in everyday life. Aural rehabilitation includes diagnosis and identification of hearing loss, provision of appropriate assistive listening devices such as hearing aids and cochlear implants, auditory training, speechreading, and communication strategies training. Communication strategies refer to a course of action taken to facilitate conversation interaction or to correct communication problems. Compared to other components of aural rehabilitation, communication strategies have not been focused on as a significant evaluation tool in spite of their importance in daily life. This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the Communication Scale for Older Adults (K-CSOA) originally designed by Kaplan et al. (1997) to evaluate the changes in communication strategies and attitudes.Methods: The K-CSOA was composed of communication strategies and communication attitudes. The Communication strategies have three subcategories of Facilitative (10 items), Repair (15 items), and Preparatory strategies (16 items). The communication attitudes have also three subcategories of Own Attitude (19 items), Family’s Attitude (7 items), and Others Attitude (5 items). The validity and reliability of K-CSOA were obtained with total sixty subjects consisting of thirty subjects with normal hearing and thirty subjects with different degrees of hearing loss with mean age of 72 years old ranging from 60 years old to 85 years old.Results: The validity and reliability of the K-CSOA were measured using Pearson`s correlation coefficient, Cronbach Alpha coefficient, and independent t-tests. The correlation coefficients were high (.502-.984) between total means of K-CSOA and subcategories of K-CSOA. The internal consistency ranged from .802 to .930 for Communication Strategies and from .620 to .962 for Communication Attitudes. The test-retest correlation of the K-CSOA was .986 and .988 for Communication Strategies and Attitudes, respectively. The correlation coefficient was .784 between the K-CSOA and Korean Hearing Handicap for the Elderly (KHHIE). In addition, there were significant differences in Communication Strategies and Communication Attitudes between the normal hearing and hearing loss groups.Conclusion: These results indicate that K-CSOA can be used as a useful clinical tool providing in-depth information regarding communication strategies and attitudes in Korean elderly people.

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