Comparison of Nutrients' Intakes in Children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common chronic mental disorder among children. Children with ADHD may be at risk for a variety of nutrients' deficiencies. We aimed to assess the nutrients' intakes among ADHD children and compare them with the healthy ones. Methods: This was a hospital-based case-control survey over 120 ADHD as the cases and 240 non-ADHD children as the control participants aged 6-13 years. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The P-values were considered significant if they were < 0·05. Results: Energy: 2812.2 ± 1029.9 kcal/day vs. 3136.4 ± 1360.3 kcal/day, P = 0.001), fat: 78.3 ± 28.8 g/day vs. 87.2 ± 44.9 g/day, P > 0.001), and carbohydrate: 436.8 ± 192.6 g/day vs. 479.9 ± 244.2 g/day, P = 0.009) intakes were significantly lower in ADHD than healthy children. Similarly, consumption of calcium: 968.5 ± 358.3 mg/day vs. 1055.7 ± 453.4 mg/day, P = 0.03) and magnesium: 363.1 ± 173.9 mg/day vs. 411.9 ± 220.8 mg/day, P = 0.01) were significantly lower in the cases than control group. However, intakes of thiamin: 34.4±18.8 mg/day vs. 40.4 ± 25.6 mg/day, P = 0.002), riboflavin: 1.99 ± 0.76 mg/day vs. 2.21 ± 0.95 mg/day, P = 0.01), niacin: 24.9 ± 10.6 mg/day vs. 27.5 ± 13.2 mg/day, P = 0.01), and vitamin B5: 6.85 ± 3.35 mg/day vs. 7.49 ± 3.84 mg/day, P = 0.02) were significantly lower in the case than control group. Conclusion: Children with ADHD consumed significantly lower quantities of energy, macronutrients, calcium, magnesium, B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5), and vitamin C compared with the healthy children.

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Caries Experience Associated with Attention – Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.30.1.d3n7k5147r3ru571 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Michael Todd Grooms ◽

Martha Ann Keels ◽

Michael Roberts ◽

F. Thomas McIver

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Control Group ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Significant Difference

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had a total caries experience that was equivalent to children without the disorder. Methods: The test sample included children ages 6 to 10 years old diagnosed with ADHD by physicians at Duke University Medical Center. The control group also included healthy children 6 to 10 years old without the diagnosis of ADHD.A visual dental exam for caries was performed and a sample of whole, unstimulated saliva was collected. The parent / guardian of each participant completed a health/medication history and a questionnaire concerning the child's oral health and habits, daily routine, and demographic information. Results: Wilcoxon and chi-square tests showed that children with ADHD have significantly more enamel caries in the primary and permanent dentitions and a significantly higher prevalence of total caries experience when compared to controls. There was no significant difference in whole saliva production between the ADHD children and the controls. Conclusions: Dentists should be aware that children with ADHD are at higher risk for caries.

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Anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health ◽

10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-302-308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 302-308

Author(s):

E.A. Korabel’nikova ◽

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Test ◽

Age Related

Aim: to assess the prevalence and presentations of anxiety in preschool children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Patients and Methods: preschoolers (4–6 years) and their parents were enrolled. 30 children with ADHD and their parents were included in the study group and 15 healthy children and their parents were included in the control group. The study was performed in Moscow kindergartens. Clinical anamnestic, experimental psychological (Р. Temple, М. Dorkey, and Е.W. Amen anxiety test adapted by V.M. Astapov; “Fears in Houses” test modified by M.A. Panfilova; questionnaire for anxiety in children for a teacher and parents by G.P. Lavrent’eva and T.M. Titarenko), and statistical tests were applied. Results: in children with ADHD, a significantly higher level of anxiety was reported as demonstrated by Р. Temple, М. Dorkey, and Е.W. Amen anxiety test results (i.e., the test completed by children themselves). The percentage of children with 15 fears or more was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. Most preschoolers from both groups experience so-called age-related fears. In addition, age-inappropriate social fears (e.g., a fear of punishment or a fear of being late for kindergarten) were revealed in children with ADHD. These fears were much more common in the study group compared to the control group. Conclusions: our findings demonstrate a higher level of anxiety in children with ADHD compared to healthy children. Therefore, anxiety may be regarded as an ADHD-associated factor. In addition to typical age-related fears, children with ADHD experience so-called social fears. This phenomenon illustrates a fear of disapproval and punishment and a propensity for low self-esteem. KEYWORDS: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, preschoolers. FOR CITATION: Korabel’nikova E.A. Anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):302–308. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-302-308.

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Sense of Time in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000002 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vincent Quartier ◽

Grégoire Zimmermann ◽

Sadegh Nashat

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Control Group ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Knowledge Questionnaire ◽

Adhd Children ◽

French Speaking ◽

Sense Of Time ◽

Perception Of Time

Parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently report that their children have a poor sense of time. Several studies looking at the perception of time mentioned a form of temporal myopia. The present study investigates the sense of time in children with ADHD. Twenty-two French-speaking Swiss children with ADHD and 22 controls between the ages of 6 and 13 years were tested using a conventional time knowledge questionnaire and two Piagetian time conservation tasks. Parents were asked to complete the “It’s about time” questionnaire. Better performance was observed in matched control group children than in children with ADHD on a conventional time knowledge questionnaire. For children under 10 years of age, the two Piagetian time conservation tasks were able to differentiate children with and without ADHD. Parents of ADHD children reported more frequently that their children had time-related difficulties in daily activities. This study suggests that children with ADHD take longer to develop several time-related abilities.

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How to Predict the Impact of Methylphenidate on Cardiovascular Risk in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder: Methylphenidate Improves Autonomic Dysfunction in Children with ADHD

ISRN Pharmacology ◽

10.5402/2012/170935 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Reiner Buchhorn ◽

Christian Müller ◽

Christian Willaschek ◽

Kambiz Norozi

Keyword(s):

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Attention Deficit Disorder ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Heart Defect ◽

Adhd Children ◽

The Impact

Background. Although stimulants have long been touted as treatments for attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD), in recent years, increasing concerns have been raised about the cardiovascular safety of these medications. We aimed to prove if measurements of autonomic function with time domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in 24-hour Holter ECG are useful to predict the risk of sudden cardiac death in ADHD children and adolescents. Methods. We analysed HRV obtained from children with the diagnosis of ADHD prior to (N=12) or during medical therapy (N=19) with methylphenidate (MPH), aged 10.8±2.0 years (mean ± SD), who were referred to our outpatient Paediatric Cardiology Clinic to rule out heart defect. As a control group, we compared the HRV data of 19 age-matched healthy children without heart defect. Results. Average HRV parameters from 24-hour ECG in the ADHD children prior to MPH showed significant lower values compared to healthy children with respect to rMSSD (26±4 ms versus 44±10 ms, P≤0.0001) and pNN50 (6.5±2.7% versus 21.5±9.0%, P≤0.0001). These values improved in MPH-treated children with ADHD (RMSSD: 36±8 ms; pNN50: 14.2±6.9%). Conclusion. Children who suffer from ADHD show significant changes in HRV that predominantly reflects diminished vagal tone, a well-known risk factor of sudden cardiac death in adults. In our pilot study, MPH treatment improved HRV.

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Method of Parents in the Development of Child Prayers Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Case Study of ADHD Children in Kulam Kemukiman Syamtarail Village, North Aceh)

Britain International of Linguistics Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journal ◽

10.33258/biolae.v1i2.95 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 278-290

Author(s):

Muhajir ◽

Zahrul Mubarrak ◽

Amiruddin ◽

Khaidir ◽

Fazil Saputra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Case Study Method ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

The Family ◽

Adhd Children ◽

Model Technique

Concentration disorders accompanied by hyperactivity in children with ADHD are conditions that show symptoms of lack concentration, hyperactivity and impulsiveness that causes an imbalance of most of their life activities. This makes parents have difficulty in providing prayer guidance to children who have ADHD. Starting from this problem, the researcher tries to make a scientific about Parents' Method in the Development of Child Prayers Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Case Study of ADHD Children in Kulam Kemukiman Syamtarail Village, North Aceh)." This study was conducted to describe the method parents in providing prayer services to children with ADHD in Kulam Kemukiman Syamtarail Village, North Aceh. This thesis research method uses the case study method which is a study that tries to examine individuals or a unit in depth with a qualitative approach. In collecting data researchers conducted observations and direct interviews within formants who have been used as samples, as well as documentation. While the analysis of data through observations in this thesis uses a theme analysis model technique where all data after being collected will be processed one by one. The results showed that ADHD children's prayer guidance involved all family members, namely the father, mother, siblings and cousins of ADHD children. As for the methods carried out by the family in the guidance of prayers in children with ADHD can be concluded as follows:1. Intelegently; 2. Be haviour; 3. By monitoring.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the impact of methylphenidate on working memory, inhibition capacity and mental flexibility

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20170030 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 204-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cristiana Bolfer ◽

Sandra Pasquali Pacheco ◽

Miriam Harumi Tsunemi ◽

Walter Souza Carreira ◽

Beatriz Borba Casella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Digit Span ◽

Control Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Mental Flexibility ◽

Adhd Children ◽

Memory Inhibition ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Objective To compare children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), before and after the use of methylphenidate, and a control group, using tests of working memory, inhibition capacity and mental flexibility. Methods Neuropsychological tests were administrated to 53 boys, 9–12 years old: the WISC-III digit span backward, and arithmetic; Stroop Color; and Trail Making Tests. The case group included 23 boys with ADHD, who were combined type, treatment-naive, and with normal intelligence without comorbidities. The control group (n = 30) were age and gender matched. After three months on methylphenidate, the ADHD children were retested. The control group was also retested after three months. Results Before treatment, ADHD children had lower scores than the control group on the tests (p ≤ 0.001) and after methylphenidate had fewer test errors than before (p ≤ 0.001) Conclusion Methylphenidate treatment improves the working memory, inhibitory control and mental flexibility of ADHD boys.

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Differential effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on intrinsic brain activity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291716001938 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (15) ◽

pp. 3173-3185 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. Y. Shang ◽

C. G. Yan ◽

H. Y. Lin ◽

W. Y. Tseng ◽

F. X. Castellanos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Movement Time ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Lingual Gyrus ◽

Adhd Children ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Intrinsic Brain Activity

BackgroundMethylphenidate and atomoxetine are commonly prescribed for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, their therapeutic neural mechanisms remain unclear.MethodAfter baseline evaluation including cognitive testing of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), drug-naive children with ADHD (n = 46), aged 7–17 years, were randomly assigned to a 12-week treatment with methylphenidate (n = 22) or atomoxetine (n = 24). Intrinsic brain activity, including the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo), was quantified via resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and week 12.ResultsReductions in inattentive symptoms were related to increased fALFF in the left superior temporal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule for ADHD children treated with methylphenidate, and in the left lingual gyrus and left inferior occipital gyrus for ADHD children treated with atomoxetine. Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom reductions were differentially related to increased fALFF in the methylphenidate group and to decreased fALFF in the atomoxetine group in bilateral precentral and postcentral gyri. Prediction analyses in the atomoxetine group revealed negative correlations between pre-treatment CANTAB simple reaction time and fALFF change in the left lingual gyrus and left inferior occipital gyrus, and positive correlations between pre-treatment CANTAB simple movement time and fALFF change in bilateral precentral and postcentral gyri and left precuneus, with a negative correlation between movement time and the fALFF change in the left lingual gyrus and the inferior occipital gyrus.ConclusionsOur findings suggest differential neurophysiological mechanisms for the treatment effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in children with ADHD.

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Correlation between sleep disorder screening and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20130174 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 71 (11) ◽

pp. 896-901 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Elizabeth Zambrano-Sanchez ◽

Jose A. Martinez-Cortes ◽

Minerva Dehesa-Moreno ◽

Yolanda del Rio-Carlos ◽

Adrian Poblano

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Working Memory ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Executive Dysfunction ◽

Group Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Intelligence Scale ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire

Objective To compare frequency of sleep disorders (SD) and executive dysfunction (ED) in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a control group. Method We studied 156 children with ADHD with a mean age of 8.5 years, and a control group with 111 children with a mean age of 8.3 years. We utilized the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) to screen SD and the working memory measurement from the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV) to screen ED. Results We did not observe an increased frequency of SD in children with ADHD compared with the controls. However, we did identify ED in children with ADHD; additionally a significant correlation was observed between the type of ADHD and SD and among ED, WISC-IV measurements, and type of SD in children with ADHD. Conclusion An increase of SD frequency in children with ADHD was not observed, but we did identify ED in children with ADHD. Additionally, a correlation among ADHD types, SD, ED, and WISC-IV measurements was observed in children with ADHD.

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THE CORRELATION OF PARENTING STYLE WITH COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Belitung Nursing Journal ◽

10.33546/bnj.107 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 271-278

Author(s):

Dwi Fitri Genisti ◽

Ni Komang Sukra Andini ◽

Ni Luh Gede Puspita Yanti

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Cognitive Development ◽

Child Development ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Learning Disorders ◽

P Value ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Adhd Children

Background: Child development is a very important phase, which children learn various skills as future generations in the future. Disorders that can impede child development process of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD have problems with cognitive abilities, of which about 20-60% of them have learning disorders. The efforts to support cognitive development in ADHD children is to approach the child's environment through parenting parents. Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation of parenting style with cognitive development in the children with ADHD in SLB Negeri 1 Denpasar. Methods: This study used correlational design with cross sectional approach. The sample size of 30 respondents were taken by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using parenting style questionnaire (PSQ) and the average value of odd semester report of 2016/2017 academic year. Results: The result of this research was found that most parents with democratic parenting type were 19 people (63.3%), authoritarian parenting type were 7 people (23.3%) and permissive parenting were 4 people (13.3%). The result of contingency coefficient test with p-value = 0.039 (p <0.05) and correlation value of 0.501, which mean there was high correlation between parenting style with cognitive development in children with ADHD. Conclusion: It is suggested for parents with ADHD children to be able to provide good parenting for the child's development, especially for the child's cognitive development.

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The incidence of dysgraphia in Arabic language in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology ◽

10.1186/s43163-021-00178-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amira Salah Lotfy ◽

Mohammed El Sayed Darwish ◽

Ehab Sayed Ramadan ◽

Rania Makram Sidhom

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Finger Tapping ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Normal Children ◽

Spelling Errors ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Adhd Children

Abstract Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Although children with ADHD made much more spelling errors, they had a distinct pattern of letter insertions, replacements, transpositions, and omissions. This mistake type is sometimes referred to as graphemic buffer errors, and it is caused by a lack of attention required for motor planning. The aim of study was to assess the incidence of dysgraphia in Arabic language in children with ADHD for better helping, diagnosis and management of those children. Results Ten percent of ADHD children had normal handwriting with no disability, 40% had excellent handwriting with a minimum of disability and 50% of ADHD children showed mild to moderate disability. There were significant differences between ADHD children and control children regarding results of each item on the subtest of handwriting of dysgraphia disability scale (DDS), respecting lines, spacing between words, letter direction, spelling a sentence, and punctuation. Drawing affected in ADHD children. The finger tapping speed was affected in almost ADHD children. Conclusions Dysgraphia highly presents in our sample of ADHD children with poor fine motor skills in ADHD children than normal children. ADHD children have illegible handwriting, not respecting lines, insufficient space between and within words, multiple spelling errors, and omissions of letters or words. Graphesthesia and stereognosis are affected more in ADHD children than in control children drawing and finger tapping speed affected in ADHD children.

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