scholarly journals Estimating the Share and Elasticity of Substitution for Public and Private Health Expenditures in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shahraki ◽  
Simin Ghaderi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Public Health Expenditures

Background: The rate of substitution for private and public health expenditures is one of the factors that can explain the different effects of public and private health expenditures on health and life expectancy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the return to scale, share, and elasticity of the substitution for public and private health expenditures in Iran. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, linear and nonlinear least squares methods were applied to study the share and elasticity in substitution of private and public health expenditures at national level in Iran during 2000-17. The study data included the annual time series data extracted from the World Bank website. The Stata 14 software was used to estimate the economic model. Results: In the nonlinear and linear models of Elasticity of Substitution Constant (CES) health function in Iran, elasticity of substitution for public and private health expenditures were 0.30 and 0.17, respectively. The return to scale in nonlinear and linear models was 0.07 and 0.15, respectively. The share of public health expenditures on life expectancy in the nonlinear and linear model was 54 and 53 % and the share of private health expenditures in these models was 46 and 47 %, respectively. Conclusion: Public and private health expenditures are poor substitutes of each other in Iran and increase of these health expenditures leads to an increase in life expectancy. A decreasing return exists to scale in public and private health expenditures on life expectancy in Iran. The share of public health expenditures is higher than the share of private health expenditures on life expectancy in Iran.

scholarly journals Public Health Expenditures, Environmental Pollution and Health Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nwani, Stanley Emife ◽  
Kelani, Fatai Adeshina ◽  
Ozegbe, Azuka Elvis ◽  
Oluleye H. Babatunde
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Outcome ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Health Expenditures

The role of health in the development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. While the concept of health status and the impact of public health expenditure have continued to generate scholarly debates, this study contributes to the debate with the incorporation of the role of the environment as a determinant of health status in Nigeria. With the objective of examining the impact of Public Health Expenditures and Pollution on Nigerians Health Status, annual secondary time series data spanning 37 years (1981-2017) collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and World Development Indicator were analyzed using the ARDL technique. The result shows that Public Expenditures on Health has a positive and significant impact on health outcomes in Nigeria. Again, environmental pollution as proxied by per capita CO2 emission has a negative and significant effect on health outcome in the country. Economic growth rate was found to have positive impact but insignificant in enhancing life expectancy (proxy for health outcome) in Nigeria. On the basis of the empirical findings, it is recommended that the government should sustain the flow of resources to the health sector and improve on environmental practices through the formulation of new national environmental policies and better awareness campaign through the deployment of community health extension workers (CHEW).

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Antibiotic Prescribing Trends in Outpatient Care: A Nationwide, Quasi-Experimental Approach

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Tânia Magalhães Silva ◽  
Marta Estrela ◽  
Eva Rebelo Gomes ◽  
Maria Piñeiro-Lamas ◽  
Adolfo Figueiras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
National Level ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally and is currently having a damaging impact on nearly all countries in the world. The implementation of stringent measures to stop COVID-19 dissemination had an influence on healthcare services and associated procedures, possibly causing antibiotic consumption fluctuations. This paper aims to evaluate the immediate and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic prescribing trends in outpatient care of the Portuguese public health sector, including in primary healthcare centers and hospitals, as well as on specific antibiotic groups known to be closely associated with increased resistance. Segmented regression analysis with interrupted time series data was used to analyze whether the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact in antibiotic prescribing tendencies at a national level. The outcomes from this quasi-experimental approach demonstrate that, at the beginning of the pandemic, a significant, immediate decrease in the overall antibiotic prescribing trends was noticed in the context of outpatient care in Portugal, followed by a statistically non-significant fall over the long term. The data also showed a significant reduction in the prescription of particular antibiotic classes (antibiotics from the Watch group, 3rd-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and clarithromycin) upon COVID-19 emergence. These findings revealed an important disruption in antibiotics prescribing caused by the current public health emergency.

scholarly journals On the Substitution of Private and Public Capital in Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (232) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zidong An ◽  
Alvar Kangur ◽  
Chris Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Public Capital ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Private Capital ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Macroeconomic Models ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Penn World Table

Most macroeconomic models assume that aggregate output is generated by a specification for the production function with total physical capital as a key input. Implicitly this assumes that private and public capital stocks are perfect substitutes. In this paper we test this assumption by estimating a nested-CES production function whereas the two types of capital are considered separately along with labor as inputs. The estimation is based on our newly developed dataset on public and private capital stocks for 151 countries over a period of 1960-2014 consistent with Penn World Table version 9. We find evidence against perfect substitutability between public and private capital, especially for emerging and LIDCs, with the point estimate of the elasticity of substitution estimated closely around 3.

EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT HEALTH EXPENDITURES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH SECTOR IN NIGERIA (1979-2017). AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Panan Danladi Gwaison ◽  
Livinus Nkuri Maimako
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Government Health

Health is a very important aspect of an individual’s wellbeing, and since individuals make a nation, therefore, healthcare expenditure could be regarded as one of the necessary conditions to achieving a sustainable long-term economic development. This study examined the effects of government health expenditures on the performance of health Sector in Nigeria. The study employed expo facto research design. The annual time series data from 1979 to 2017 was used in this study from Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and World Development Indicators, 2018. The pre estimation test like the descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test Johensen cointegration test and Error correction model test. The OLS estimation technique was used to determine the coefficient of the variables and test the four hypothesis. The results indicated that government total health expenditures, capital health expenditure and recurrent health expenditures are positively related to the performance of health sector proxy by life expectancy rate and statistically insignificant. However capital health expenditure was statistically significant to life expectancy. The study recommends that more emphasis should be placed on the capital expenditures on health as this will facilitate rapid development of the sector and adequate Machinery should be put in place by all sectors of government to arrest corruption and penalize those who divert and embezzle public health fund among other recommendations were made.

scholarly journals The impact of changes in county public health expenditures on general health in the population

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy T. Brown ◽  
Maria S. Martinez-Gutierrez ◽  
Bahar Navab
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Status ◽  
General Health ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
County Level ◽  
General Health Status ◽  
Excellent Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
County Public Health ◽  
Public Health Expenditures

AbstractWe estimate the effect of changes in the per capita expenditures of county departments of public health on county-level general health status. Using panel data on 40 counties in California (2001–2009), dynamic panel estimation techniques are combined with the Lewbel instrumental variable technique to estimate an aggregate demand for health function that measures the causal cumulative impact that per capita public health expenditures have on county-level general health status. We find that a $10 long-term increase in per capita public health expenditures would increase the percentage of the population reporting good, very good or excellent health by 0.065 percentage points. Each year expenditures were increased would result in ∼24,000 individuals moving from the ‘poor or fair health’ category to the ‘good, very good or excellent health’ category across these 40 counties. In terms of the overall impact of county public health departments on general health status, at current funding levels, each annual expenditure cycle results in over 207,000 individuals being in the ‘good, very good or excellent’ categories of health status rather than the ‘poor or fair’ categories.

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