A Mini-Review and Perspective on Anti-hypoxic Hypothesis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Shamshirian ◽  
Danial Shamshirian ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Lung Disorder ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Potential Part ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Extensive Effort ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

A novel coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China; in December 2019 and has widely affected the global community. After months of extensive effort, much remains to be understood of the pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The available evidence raises a critical question : Is COVID-19 a lung disorder leading to circulatory problems, or a systemic disorder that leads to lung problems?. If the latter scenario is correct, investigations on hypoxia conditions and the development of anti-hypoxia agents may lead to potential front-line treatments in combination with antivirals for hypoxemic COVID-19 patients. Hence, anti-hypoxic agents may become a potential part of combination therapy in hypoxemic respiratory failure and COVID-19.

scholarly journals Surgical tracheostomy in a cohort of COVID-19 patients

HNO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Schuler ◽  
Jens Greve ◽  
Thomas K. Hoffmann ◽  
Janina Hahn ◽  
Felix Boehm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Surgical Tracheostomy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Open Surgical Tracheostomy ◽  
Sedative Drugs

Abstract Background One of the main symptoms of severe infection with the new coronavirus‑2 (SARS-CoV-2) is hypoxemic respiratory failure because of viral pneumonia with the need for mechanical ventilation. Prolonged mechanical ventilation may require a tracheostomy, but the increased risk for contamination is a matter of considerable debate. Objective Evaluation of safety and effects of surgical tracheostomy on ventilation parameters and outcome in patients with COVID-19. Study design Retrospective observational study between March 27 and May 18, 2020, in a single-center coronavirus disease-designated ICU at a tertiary care German hospital. Patients Patients with COVID-19 were treated with open surgical tracheostomy due to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Measurements Clinical and ventilation data were obtained from medical records in a retrospective manner. Results A total of 18 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV‑2 infection and surgical tracheostomy were analyzed. The age range was 42–87 years. All patients received open tracheostomy between 2–16 days after admission. Ventilation after tracheostomy was less invasive (reduction in PEAK and positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP]) and lung compliance increased over time after tracheostomy. Also, sedative drugs could be reduced, and patients had a reduced need of norepinephrine to maintain hemodynamic stability. Six of 18 patients died. All surgical staff were equipped with N99-masks and facial shields or with powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR). Conclusion Our data suggest that open surgical tracheostomy can be performed without severe complications in patients with COVID-19. Tracheostomy may reduce invasiveness of mechanical ventilation and the need for sedative drugs and norepinehprine. Recommendations for personal protective equipment (PPE) for surgical staff should be followed when PPE is available to avoid contamination of the personnel.

scholarly journals Undetected Causes of Death in Hospitalized Elderly with COVID-19: Lessons from Autopsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Astrid Malézieux-Picard ◽  
Cecilia Ferrer Soler ◽  
David De Macedo Ferreira ◽  
Emilie Gaud-Luethi ◽  
Christine Serratrice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly ◽  
Acute Decompensation ◽  
Clinical Chart ◽  
Full Body

Background: Mechanisms and causes of death in older patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly understood. Methods: We conducted in a retrospective monocentric study, a clinical chart review and post-mortem examination of patients aged 75 years and older hospitalized in acute care and positive for SARS-CoV-2. Full body autopsy and correlation with clinical findings and suspected causes of death were done. Results: Autopsies were performed in 12 patients (median age 85 years; median of 4 comorbidities, mainly hypertension and cardiovascular disease). All cases showed exudative or proliferative phases of alveolar damage and/or a pattern of organizing pneumonia. Causes of death were concordant in 6 cases (50%), and undetected diagnoses were found in 6. Five patients died from hypoxemic respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), five had another associated diagnosis and two died from alternative causes. Deaths that occurred in the second week were related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia whereas those occurring earlier were related mainly to heart failure and those occurring later to complications. Conclusions: Although COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure was the most common cause of death, post-mortem pathological examination revealed that acute decompensation from chronic comorbidities during the first week of COVID-19 and complications in the third week contributed to mortality.

scholarly journals Standard Care Versus Awake Prone Position in Adult Nonintubated Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Secondary to COVID-19 Infection—A Multicenter Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 088506662110144
Author(s):  
Devachandran Jayakumar ◽  
Pratheema Ramachandran, DNB ◽  
Ebenezer Rabindrarajan, DNB ◽  
Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, MD ◽  
Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, AB ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Standard Care ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Prone Positioning ◽  
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

Rationale: The feasibility and safety of awake prone positioning and its impact on outcomes in non-intubated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to COVID-19 is unknown. Results of the observational studies published during this pandemic have been conflicting. In this context, we conducted a multi-center, parallel group, randomized controlled feasibility study on awake prone positioning in non-intubated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen. Methods: 60 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia requiring 4 or more liters of oxygen to maintain a saturation of ≥92% were recruited in this study. Thirty patients each were randomized to either standard care or awake prone group. Patients randomized to the prone group were encouraged to self-prone for at least 6 hours a day. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients adhering to the protocol in each group. Results: In the prone group, 43% (13 out of 30) of patients were able to self-prone for 6 or more hours a day. In the supine group, 47% (14 out of 30) were completely supine and 53% spent some hours in the prone position, but none exceeded 6 hours. There was no significant difference in any of the secondary outcomes between the 2 groups and there were no adverse events. Conclusions: Awake prone positioning in non-intubated patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure is feasible and safe under clinical trial conditions. The results of our feasibility study will potentially help in the design of larger definitive trials to address this key knowledge gap.

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