scholarly journals An assessment of the English and maths skills levels of prisoners in England

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R Creese
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Numeracy Skills ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Reducing Recidivism ◽  
A Current ◽  
Better Than

Although the direct links between education and reducing recidivism in prisoners are problematic, there is little argument that education is a factor in promoting reintegration and rehabilitation. There is a current focus in prison education on education for employment, and yet there are no recent or unambiguous data about the skills levels of the prison population. The most often quoted figures are both 15 years out of date and deeply flawed in terms of their comparisons with the general population. This article sets out a new study that takes the mandatory initial assessments carried out on every new prisoner between August 2014 and July 2015 and compares them with the national Skills for Life survey conducted in 2011. This provides us with some hard facts about the English and maths skills of the past year's intake of prisoners. The conclusions argue that while the numeracy skills of prisoners are better than previously understood, the cohort has extremely poor literacy skills, and addressing these needs should be a priority for government.

Learning Opportunities While Incarcerated: Association of Engagement in Literacy and Numeracy Activities With Literacy and Numeracy Skills

2021 ◽  
pp. 074171362098850
Author(s):  
Ajima Olaghere ◽  
Kristen P. Kremer ◽  
Carlton J. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Prison Education ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Numeracy Skills ◽  
International Assessment ◽  
Reading Activities

Little is known about which educational activities are most associated with incarcerated adults’ literacy and numeracy skills. The present study examines whether informal engagement in reading, writing, and numeracy activities (e.g., reading newspapers or using calculators) is associated with incarcerated adults’ literacy and numeracy skills. Using the 2014 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)—U.S. Prison Study, numeracy/literacy skills were predicted from engagement in reading, writing, and numeracy activities. Literacy skills were higher among incarcerated persons who engaged in an increasing amount of writing activities along with those who completed postsecondary coursework in prison. Literacy skills and numeracy skills were not significantly associated with engagement in reading activities and numeracy activities, respectively. Findings highlight promising strategies for restructuring prison education.

Sunscreens: Past, Present, and Future

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. S14-S21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Provost ◽  
Ian Landells ◽  
Stuart Maddin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
General Population ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Uv Protection ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sunscreen Use ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Fair Skin ◽  
Better Than

Sunscreens form an important modality for cutaneous photoprotection. Sunscreen formulations incorporate many features that provide protection from ultraviolet (UV)-induced carcinogenesis, immunosuppression, and accelerated photoaging. Since the 1920s, when the link between skin cancer and UV radiation was first observed, sunscreen use has become part of our daily routine. Chemical and physical modifications are continuously made to formulations so that they may be more appealing to the general population, especially to those with fair skin. The demand for a formula that is effective in its UV protection while at the same time is adoptable in its application and exposure characteristics is an important consideration in the development of sunscreens. Because of continued development, technological advances, and substantive gains in knowledge on UV-induced photodamage, at present, we are able to produce effective formulations, and although these formulations do not provide total spectrum protection, they are considerably better than sunscreens of the past.

scholarly journals Disorders of Language and Literacy in the Prison Population: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Frøydis Morken ◽  
Lise Øen Jones ◽  
Wenche Andersen Helland
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Research Assessment ◽  
Language And Literacy ◽  
Literacy Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Education School

Language and literacy skills are essential for education, school achievements, work and social conditions. Some studies indicate an elevated incidence of problems with language and literacy in the prison population, potentially contributing to increased risks of maladjustment and recidivism. In general, the bulk of research on language and literacy has been directed towards children and adolescents. This study aimed to map the extent of the literature on language and literacy disorders in the adult prison population over the past 20 years, and what it reveals about the prevalence and nature of these disorders in prisoners. In total, 18 studies were identified. Of these, the majority (15) investigated literacy. The three studies investigating language all reported an elevated prevalence in the population. The literacy studies were altogether less clear, due to differences in theoretical approach and methods. In terms of the nature of the disorders, many studies assessed the behavioral level only. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical approaches, as well as recommendations for research, assessment, and intervention.

Post-Soviet economy development: From the past to the future

2017 ◽  
pp. 5-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Present Situation ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Out ◽  
A Current

The article is devoted to major events in the history of the post-Soviet economy, their influence on forming and development of modern Russia. The author considers stages of restructuring, market reforms, transformational crisis, and recovery growth (1999-2011), as well as a current period which started in2011 and is experiencing serious problems. The present situation is analyzed, four possible scenarios are put forward for Russia: “inertia”, “mobilization”, “decisive leap”, “gradual democratic development”. More than 30 experts were questioned in the process of working out the scenarios.

Music and Memory: The Tlatelolco Refrain

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Kun
Keyword(s):  
State Violence ◽  
First Century ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
Octavio Paz ◽  
Mexican History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rock Bands ◽  
To Come ◽  
Musical Memory ◽  
A Current

Ever since the 1968 student movements and the events surrounding the Tlatelolco massacre, Mexico City rock bands have openly engaged with the intersection of music and memory. Their songs offer audiences a medium through which to come to terms with the events of the past as a means of praising a broken world, to borrow the poet Adam Zagajewski’s phrase. Contemporary songs such as Saúl Hernández’s “Fuerte” are a twenty-first-century voicing of the ceaseless revolutionary spirit that John Gibler has called “Mexico unconquered,” a current of rebellion and social hunger for justice that runs in the veins of Mexican history. They are the latest additions to what we might think about as “the Mexico unconquered songbook”: musical critiques of impunity and state violence that are rooted in the weaponry of memory, refusing to focus solely on the present and instead making connections with the political past. What Octavio Paz described as a “swash of blood” that swept across “the international subculture of the young” during the events in Tlatelolco Plaza on October 2, 1968, now becomes a refrain of musical memory and political consciousness that extends across eras and generations. That famous phrase of Paz’s is a reminder that these most recent Mexican musical interventions, these most recent formations of a Mexican subculture of the young, maintain a historically tested relationship to blood, death, loss, and violence.

Implementasi Algoritma Hamming Distance dan Brute Force dalam Mendeteksi Kemiripan Source Code Bahasa Pemrograman C

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Budiman ◽  
Dennis Gunawan ◽  
Seng Hansun
Keyword(s):  
College Presidents ◽  
Hamming Distance ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Better Than

Plagiarism is a behavior that causes violence of copyrights. Survey shows 55% of college presidents say that plagiarism in students’ papers has increased over the past 10 years. Therefore, an application for detecting plagiarism is needed, especially for teachers. This plagiarism checker application is made by using Visual C# 2010. The plagiarism checker uses hamming distance algorithm for matching line code of the source code. This algorithm works by matching the same length string of the code programs. Thus, it needs brute will be matched with hamming distance. Another important thing for detecting plagiarism is the preprocessing, which is used to help the algorithm for detecting plagiarized source code. This paper shows that the application works good in detecting plagiarism, the hamming distance algorithm and brute force algorithm works better than levenstein distance algorithm for detecting structural type of plagiarism and this thesis also shows that the preprocessing could help the application to increase its percentage and its accuracy. Index Terms—Brute Force, Hamming Distance, Plagiarisme, Preprocessing.

Ways of Being and Time

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Being And Time ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Ontological Pluralism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mode Of Being ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
Better Than

This chapter develops a version of ontological pluralism that respects two common intuitions about time: that the present moment is metaphysically distinguished but not in such a way that the past is unreal. The version of ontological pluralism developed—presentist existential pluralism (PEP)—embraces two modes of being, the mode of being that present objects enjoy and the mode of being that past objects enjoy. The author argues that this view fares at least as well, and probably better, than other views in which the present is metaphysically distinguished. The chapter also introduces another form of ontological superiority called “levels of being.”

scholarly journals Civil Religion or Nationalism? The National Day Celebrations in Norway

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Pål Ketil Botvar
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
General Population ◽  
Civil Religion ◽  
Religious Nationalism ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Better Than ◽  
The Way

The Norwegian National Day (17 May, also referred to as Constitution Day) stands out as one of the most popular National Day celebrations in Europe. According to surveys, around seven out of every 10 Norwegians take part in a public celebration during this day. This means that the National Day potentially has an impact on the way people reflect upon national identity and its relationship to the Lutheran heritage. In this paper, I will focus on the role religion plays in the Norwegian National Day rituals. Researchers have described these rituals as both containing a significant religious element and being rather secularized. In this article, I discuss the extent to which the theoretical concepts civil religion and religious nationalism can help us understand the role of religion, or the absence of religion, in these rituals. Based on surveys of the general population, I analyze both indicators of civil religion and religious nationalism. The two phenomena are compared by looking at their relation to such items as patriotism, chauvinism, and xenophobia. The results show that civil religion explains participation in the National Day rituals better than religious nationalism.

Beyond the austerity-driven hypothesis: Political economic theses on penality and the recent prison population decline

2021 ◽  
pp. 147737082110006
Author(s):  
José A. Brandariz
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Global North ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spending Cuts

In what might be called the ‘austerity-driven hypothesis’, a consistent strand of literature has sought to explain the prison downsizing witnessed in many jurisdictions of the global north over the past decade by referring to the financial crisis of the late 2000s to early 2010s and its effects in terms of public spending cuts. Since this economic phase is essentially over, whereas the (moderate) decarceration turn is still ongoing, there are good reasons to challenge this hypothesis. This article delves into the non-economic forces that are fostering a prison population decline that, 10 years on, is becoming the new ‘penal normal’. The article thereby aims to spark a dialogue not only with the scholarship exploring the prison downsizing but also with certain theoretical frameworks that have played a key role in examining the punitive turn era. Additionally, the article contributes to the conversation on the need to reframe materialist readings on penality in a ‘non-reductionist’ fashion. By revisiting heterodox theses and scrutinizing the impact of recent penal changes on traditional materialist accounts, the article joins the collective endeavour seeking to update political economic perspectives on punishment and the penal field.

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