Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Burie and Womberma Districts, West Gojjam, Ethiopia

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) affect millions of people in developing countries mainly due to dietary iodine deficiency and aggravating factors that affect the bioavailability of iodine in the body. Iodine deficiency disorder is one of the public health problems of Ethiopia. Recent findings show that both endemic a nd non- endemic areas have high goiter rates . Burie and Womberma districts are two of the endemic goiter areas in the country. T he etiology of goiter in these areas is not fully studied so far. T he objective of this cross -sectional community based study was to assess the magnitude and causes of goiter . The study was conducted in July 2010. The sample size was determined by assuming 50% prevalence of total goiter rate, 5% error, 95% confidence interval, design effect of 1(random) and 5% of non- response rate. A two -stage random sampling (sub- district and village ) was used to select children age d 6- 12 years and their biological mother s from 10 randomly selected village s in each of the districts . Overall , 403 households participated in the study. The assessment was conducted using palpation of thyroid size, urinary iodine level determination , household level interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The study revealed a total goiter prevalence rate of 54% and 30.1 % in children and their biological mother s, respectively . More than 64% of the children were severely iodine deficient. The major cause for goiter as revealed by urinary iodine level and concentration of iodized salt is dietary iodine deficiency. There are no goitrogenic foods such as cassava; however, goitrogenic chemicals such as Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane ( DDT ) and 2,4 -Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2,4- D) were widely use d. The study area s are known for surplus produce of cereals, legumes and chilli. In order to reverse the problem , immediate and sustainable distribution of iodated salt /oil capsule , prohibition of direct application of pesticides on foods and awareness creation on adverse effects of IDD and benefits of iodine nutrition is highly recommended.

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Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab100.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Magda Shoukry Mohamed ◽

Merhan Samy Nasr ◽

Salah Hussien El-Halawany ◽

Ahmed Mohamed Abbas ◽

Salma Said Hassan Tayeh

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Iodine Excess ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Excess Iodine ◽

Iodine Supplementation ◽

Iodine Level

Abstract Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

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Iodine Content of Packaged Salt and Related Knowledge and Storage Practices at Household Level in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety ◽

10.9734/ejnfs/2020/v12i1130318 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 52-58

Author(s):

Md Sujan Hossen ◽

Md Nazrul Islam Khan

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Level ◽

And Storage

Aims: Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. Regular consumption of iodized salt can help combat these disorders. The aims of this study were to determine the content of iodine in edible packaged salt and to assess iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Study Design: The study was an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019 in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A total of 120 households were selected for interview and packaged salt sample collection. The chemical analysis was done in the Food Analysis Laboratory of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. Methodology: A closed-ended questionnaire was used for collection of information. Iodometric titration method was used to determine the content of iodine in packaged salt samples. Results: The mean (±SD) iodine content in the salt samples was 31.469 (±10.196) ppm. More than 90% salt samples were adequately iodized. Twenty five percent of the respondents know that consumption of iodized salt helps prevent goiter. Only 10.8% of the respondents know that iodine content decreases if iodized salt is stored close to fire. About 87% of them store salt away from fire. Conclusion: Along with consuming packaged iodized salt, householders should be educated about iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices to control iodine deficiency disorders.

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Insufficient Iodine Level in Urine among Children of a Secondary School: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.6084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 59 (242) ◽

pp. 890-893

Author(s):

Anand Ballabh Joshi ◽

Megha Raj Banjara ◽

Chitra Kumar Gurung ◽

Vivek Kumar Singh ◽

Krishna Pant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Level ◽

Urine Iodine

Introduction: Iodine deficiency disorders are common endocrinopathies in Nepal. Children are at risk for iodine deficiency disorders. Irreversible mental retardation and brain damage in children are the devastating disorders lead by iodine deficiency. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of insufficient iodine level among the children of a secondary school. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in urine from April 2019 to July 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council (Registration number: 802/2018). Forty-six urine samples were collected from school children for iodine estimation. Convenience sampling was done. Data were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Science version 21 and descriptive analyses were done. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among the 46 students, majority 36 (78.30%) (95% Confidence Interval= 66.30-90.21) of the school children had insufficient urine iodine level. Among 36 salt samples collected from school children with low urine iodine level, 8 (22.2%) salt samples had iodine less than 15ppm. Conclusions: Iodine estimation revealed a very high percentage of urine samples containing insufficient levels of iodine is similar as compared to studies done in similar settings. Hence, the school children were at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders prevention programs should be priority intervention based on available evidence.

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Thyroglobulin as a marker of iodine nutrition status in the general population

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-09-0262 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 161 (3) ◽

pp. 475-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Pernille Vejbjerg ◽

Nils Knudsen ◽

Hans Perrild ◽

Peter Laurberg ◽

Allan Carlé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Age Groups ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Serum Thyroglobulin ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Reference Limit

ObjectiveThe iodine status of a population is traditionally evaluated by either urinary iodine (UI) excretion or by some measure of thyroid volume and the prevalence of goitre. In this prospective study of a mandatory iodization programme, we aimed to evaluate serum thyroglobulin (Tg) as a marker of iodine status in the population.MethodsTwo identical cross-sectional studies were performed before (1997–1998,n=4649) and after (2004–2005,n=3570) the initiation of the Danish iodization programme in two areas with mild and moderate iodine deficiency. Serum Tg was measured from blood samples. Thyroid volume was measured by ultrasonography.ResultsBefore iodization, the median serum Tg was considerably higher in moderate than in mild iodine deficiency. Iodization led to a lower serum Tg in all examined age groups. The marked pre-iodization difference in Tg level between the regions was eliminated. The prevalence of Tg above the suggested reference limit (40 μg/l) decreased from 11.3 to 3.7% (P<0.0001). Using bootstrapping, we demonstrated a higher efficacy of Tg than of thyroid volume to show a difference between pre- and post-iodization values.ConclusionWe found serum Tg to be a suitable marker of iodine nutrition status in the population. The results may suggest that the Danish iodization programme has led to a sufficient iodine intake, even if the median UI excretion is still marginally low according to WHO criteria.

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Maternal Iodine Status and Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/jom.v10i2.2815 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 56-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tahrim Mehdi ◽

Md Mozammel Hoque ◽

Zinnat Ara Nasreen ◽

Farzana Shirin ◽

Md Maqsudul Hakim Khan

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Status ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Iodine Supplementation ◽

Iodine Level ◽

Thyroid Hormone Concentration ◽

Serum Tsh

Background: Pregnant ladies are most likely to develop relative iodine deficiency during pregnancy to affect thyroid function in our population unless specific dietary care or therapeutic iodine supplementation is taken into account which is yet to be materialized. Methods: In this cohort study sixty uncomplicated normal pregnant women were enrolled in 1st trimester and followed up till delivery. In every trimester maternal iodine status & thyroid status were determined by urinary iodine & serum thyroid hormone concentration respectively. Results: Women progressively become more iodine deficient & tends to be hypothyroid as pregnancy advances. At 3rd trimester of pregnancy maternal Urinary Iodine found to be negatively correlated with their serum TSH. Conclusion: During pregnancy women develop iodine deficiency which adversely affects the thyroid function. So adequate iodine monitoring and iodine nutrition during pregnancy is necessary. Keywords: Urinary iodine level, TSH, FT3, FT4. doi: 10.3329/jom.v10i2.2815 J MEDICINE 2009; 10 : 56-59

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Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731138 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dinesh P. Sharma ◽

Amitkumar Maheshwari ◽

Chandan Chakrabarti ◽

Darshan J. Patel

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Control Program ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Level ◽

Iodine Excretion

Abstract Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four talukas, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention.Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

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The epidemiology of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Yemen

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980000000288 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 245-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

AZ Zein ◽

S Al-Haithamy ◽

Q Obadi ◽

S Noureddin

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Zone Ii

AbstractObjectiveThis first nationwide survey was undertaken to estimate the prevalence rates and severity of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and the proportion of households consuming iodized salt.DesignThe country was stratified into two ecological zones and 30 clusters (primary schools) from each zone, including the required numbers of pupils, were selected randomly. A subsample of pupils provided urine and salt samples for the determination of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and presence of iodate, respectively.SettingYemen.SubjectsThere were a total of 2984 pupils aged 6–12 years of whom 2003 were boys and 981 girls. The majority (1800) pupils were from the lowland/coastal areas (zone II) and the rest (1184) from the mountainous regions (zone I).ResultsThe total goitre rates (TGR) in the whole country, zones II and I were 16.8%, 31.1% and 7.4%, respectively. The TGR in zone I for males was 32.8% and 27.3% for females, while in zone II the corresponding rates were 8.1% and 5.9%, respectively, and the differences were not statistically significant. Only three cases of visible goitres were encountered. The median UIE levels in zones I, II and the whole country were 13.6, 18.9 and 17.3 μg dl−1, respectively. Based on UIE cut-off points recommended by WHO, IDD was severe in 4.7% of pupils in zone I and 2.6% in zone II. Mild and moderate IDD were found in 18.5% and 8.7% of the pupils respectively. Nearly 70% of the surveyed pupils had UIE values of > 10 μg dl−1 (no deficiency). Girls had relatively better iodine nutrition as suggested by higher levels of median UIE. In addition, across all age groups median UIE values were above 10 μg dl−1. Over half of the households consumed iodized salt.ConclusionsSince the introduction of universal salt iodization in 1996 both the prevalence and severity of IDD in Yemen were reduced markedly and Yemen can now be classified as a country with a mild IDD problem. However, the low level of households consuming iodized salt may hamper the goal of IDD elimination.

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Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18147644 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (14) ◽

pp. 7644

Author(s):

Fuad I. Abbag ◽

Saeed A. Abu-Eshy ◽

Ahmed A. Mahfouz ◽

Mohammed A. Alsaleem ◽

Safar A. Alsaleem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutrition Sensitive

Objectives: To investigate the present occurrence of stunting and explore the role of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) as a predictor of stunting among primary school children in the Aseer Region. Methods: In a cross-sectional investigation on school children in the Aseer region, thyroid enlargement was evaluated clinically. Urine was collected to evaluate iodine content. Results: The present study involved 3046 school-age pupils. The study disclosed a total goiter rate of 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5–25.5%). The median urinary iodine content (UIC) was 17.0 µg/L. A prevalence of stunting (height for age z score of less than −2) of 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9–8.8%) was found. In a logistic regression model, pupils having clinical goiter (aOR = 1.739; 95% CI: 1.222–2.475) and students having UIC of less than 17 µg/L (aOR = 1.934; 95% CI: 1.457–2.571) were considerably related with stunting. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, urinary iodine content to forecast stunting was good (AUC = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.594–0.629). The curve recognized the optimum cutoff point of urinary iodine content to be ≤19.0 µg/L. The sensitivity was 59.66% (95% CI: 53.1–66.0) and the specificity was 57.62% (95% CI: 55.8–59.5). Conclusion: The present study showed that stunting among school-aged children presents a mild public health problem. On the other hand, a severe iodine deficiency situation was revealed among school children in the Aseer region. Continuous monitoring of iodine status among school children is therefore necessary. Concerted interventions that blend nutrition-sensitive with nutrition-specific approaches are expected to influence decreasing stunting significantly.

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Thyroid Function and Thyroglobulin Level in Iodine-Deficient Children of Eastern Nepal

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v9i1.38670 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 75-78

Author(s):

Saroj Kunwar ◽

Saroj Khatiwada ◽

Basanta Gelal ◽

Saroj Thapa ◽

Gaurishankar Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Overt Hypothyroidism ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Serum Thyroglobulin ◽

Cross Sectional

Iodine deficiency during childhood affects physical and mental development. Iodine deficiency or excess both can negatively impact thyroid function. We conducted this study to assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in children with insufficient urinary iodine concentration. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the selected schools of Udayapur district. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured in 1012 school children (6-14 years). Based on UIC data, 83 blood samples were collected to measure serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4). UIC was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method, and Tg, TSH, fT4, and fT3 were measured using ELISA kits. The median UIE was 236 µg/L, and 11.1% of the children had insufficient UIC. The mean fT3, fT4, and TSH in children with insufficient UIC were 2.55±0.43 pg/mL, 0.96±0.28 ng/dL, and 3.60±1.44 mIU/L respectively. Among children with low UIC levels, the median Tg was 17.5 ng/mL. Overt hypothyroidism was seen in 6%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in 3.6%. The children had sufficient iodine nutrition, and the frequency of thyroid dysfunction was low among the children with insufficient UIC.

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Persistence of severe iodine-deficiency disorders despite universal salt iodization in an iodine-deficient area in northern India

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009990280 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 424-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Subhash Yadav ◽

Sushil Kumar Gupta ◽

Madan M Godbole ◽

Manoj Jain ◽

Uttam Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Goitre Prevalence ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to determine the impact of universal salt iodization (USI) on the prevalence of iodine deficiency in the population of an area previously known to have severe iodine deficiency in India.DesignIn a cross-sectional survey, a total of 2860 subjects residing in fifty-three villages of four sub-districts of Gonda District were examined for goitre and urinary iodine concentration. Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were also measured. Salt samples from households were collected for estimation of iodine content.ResultsA reduction in goitre prevalence was observed from 69 % reported in 1982 to 27·7 % assessed in 2007. However, 34 % of villages still had very high endemicity of goitre (goitre prevalence >30 %). Twenty-three per cent of households consumed a negligible amount (<5 ppm) and 56 % of households consumed an insufficient amount (5–15 ppm) of iodine from salt.ConclusionsAlthough there was an overall improvement in iodine nutrition as revealed by decreased goitre prevalence and increased median urinary iodine levels, there were several pockets of severe deficiency that require a more targeted approach. Poor coverage, the use of unpackaged crystal salt with inadequate iodine and the washing of salt before use by 90 % of rural households are the major causes of persisting iodine-deficiency disorders. This demonstrates lapses in USI implementation, lack of monitoring and the need to identify hot spots. We advocate strengthening the USI programme with a mass education component, the supply of adequately iodized salt and the implementation of complementary strategies for vulnerable groups, particularly neonates and lactating mothers.

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