scholarly journals Iodine Content of Packaged Salt and Related Knowledge and Storage Practices at Household Level in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Md Sujan Hossen ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
And Storage

Aims: Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. Regular consumption of iodized salt can help combat these disorders. The aims of this study were to determine the content of iodine in edible packaged salt and to assess iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Study Design: The study was an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019 in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A total of 120 households were selected for interview and packaged salt sample collection. The chemical analysis was done in the Food Analysis Laboratory of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. Methodology: A closed-ended questionnaire was used for collection of information. Iodometric titration method was used to determine the content of iodine in packaged salt samples. Results: The mean (±SD) iodine content in the salt samples was 31.469 (±10.196) ppm. More than 90% salt samples were adequately iodized. Twenty five percent of the respondents know that consumption of iodized salt helps prevent goiter. Only 10.8% of the respondents know that iodine content decreases if iodized salt is stored close to fire. About 87% of them store salt away from fire. Conclusion: Along with consuming packaged iodized salt, householders should be educated about iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices to control iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on proper use of iodized salt in communities of rural areas and its relevant factors in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083
Author(s):  
P. Sai Deepika ◽  
B. Thirumala Rao ◽  
A. Vamsi ◽  
K. Valleswary ◽  
M. Chandra Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level

Background: The coverage of adequately iodized salt in old Andhra Pradesh was 63.6%, which is below the national average. Despite of high coverage rural households were less likely to consume adequately iodized salt. Objectives were (1) to find out the use of iodized salt and practices among community and knowledge regarding iodine deficiency diseases (2) to test salt at the household level to assess level of iodine.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted from July to December 2016 in RHTC, Maddipadu, Prakasam district. Proportionate households from four villages of this area were interviewed for the purpose of study. Factors related to use of iodized salt in the communities like type of salt using in houses, storage practices, practices during cooking, knowledge regarding iodine deficiency disorders were assessed. The salt was tested for iodine using iodine rapid test MBI kits. The data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 version.Results: Most of households (68.5%) were between 25-50 years age, 68% wives were illiterate and 48.5% wives involved in labor work. Majority (83.6%) of the families were using iodized packed salt, 75% had adequately iodized salt with ≥15 ppm and 25% with inadequate iodized salt <15ppm. Association between illiterate wives and poor knowledge regarding iodized salt found to be significant (p<0.005).Conclusions: Specific education regarding proper storage, handling, duration and the importance of iodized salt needs to be implemented to increase community awareness and to focus on behavior change communication to bring positive attitude toward utilization of iodized salt.

scholarly journals Iodized salt at households and retail shops in a rural community of Northern India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Srivastava ◽  
Kapil Yadav ◽  
Ravi P Upadhyay ◽  
Vijay Silan ◽  
Smita Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Salt Iodization

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for humans but its deficiency can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to estimate the consumption of adequately iodized salt on a household level, and to study the availability, procurement, storage, cost, and knowledge regarding iodized salt and iodine deficiency disorders amongst retail shopkeepers from the Ballabgarh block of Haryana in Northern India. This rural area was the location used for a community-based cross-sectional study by simple random sampling. Salt samples were collected from 363 selected households (out of the calculated 400 household samples) and all the retail shops (233) in the study area. Salt was tested using an iodometric titration method at the Indian Coalition for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) laboratory in New Delhi. Retail shopkeepers were also interviewed regarding their knowledge and practices. Adequately iodized salt (?15 parts per million) was consumed in 65.2% of the households, while 17.3%, of the residents were consuming salt with no iodine added (0-5ppm). Adequately iodized salt was sold by 76.3% of the retail establishments, while 12.3% were selling salt without any added iodine (0-5ppm). About 84% of the shopkeepers were aware that they are selling iodized salt. It was reported by 94% of the retail shopkeepers that iodized salt is necessary for good health but none of them could identify all the iodine deficiency disorders. Effective strategies are required to educate both consumers and suppliers to achieve Universal Salt Iodization at household level.South East Asia J Public Health | Jan-June 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 1 | 18-23 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i1.15256

scholarly journals Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Associated Factors in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailay Gebrearegawi Gebremariam ◽  
Melkie Edris Yesuf ◽  
Digsu Negese Koye
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Gondar Town ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
And Control

Background. Iodine deficiency has serious effects on body growth and mental development. This study assessed availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and associated factors in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among households in Gondar town during August 15–25, 2012. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check associations and control confounding. Results. A total of 810 participants were participated. The availability of adequately iodized salt (≥15 parts per million) in the study area was 28.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that using packed salt (AOR (95% CI) = 9.75 (5.74, 16.56)), not exposing salt to sunlight (AOR (95% CI) = 7.26 (3.73, 14.11)), shorter storage of salt at household (AOR (95% CI) = 3.604 (1.402, 9.267)) and good knowledge of participants about iodized salt (AOR (95% CI) = 1.94 (1.23, 3.05)) were associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. Conclusions. Availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was very low. Hence, households should be sensitized about importance of iodized salt and its proper handling at the household level.

Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Household Level and Associated Factors in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Anteneh Berhane Yaye ◽  
Negga Baraki ◽  
Birhanu Seyum Endale
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Dire Dawa

In Ethiopia, Iodine Deficiency Disorder has been recognized as a serious public health problem for the past six decades. In 2011, an estimated <br /> 12 million school-age children were living with inadequate iodine, and <br /> 66 million people were at risk of iodine deficiency. One out of every <br /> 1000 people is a cretin mentally handicapped, due to a congenital thyroid deficiency, and about 50000 prenatal deaths are occurring annually due to iodine deficiency disorders. Only 5.7% of the households were using iodized salt in Dire Dawa city Administration, which is below the legal requirement.This study assessed availability of adequately iodized salt at household level and associated factors in Dire Dawa town, East Ethiopia. Community based cross-sectional study was carried out among households in Dire Dawa town during March 16-26, 2015. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check associations and control confounding. A total of 694 participants were participated. The availability of adequately iodized salt (≥15 parts per million) in the study area was 7.5% (95% CI; 5.6-9.5). Multivariate result showed that health information about iodized salt (AOR=8.96, 95% CI; 4.68-17.16) (p=0.03), good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR=9.23, 95% CI; 3.34-25.5) (p=0.01) and using packed salt (AOR=3.99, 95% CI; 1.48-10.73) (p=0.006) were associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. Availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was very low.  Hence, households should be sensitized about importance of iodized salt and its proper handling at the household level.

scholarly journals Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders among population of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Sumita Kumari Sandhu ◽  
Arvind Kumar Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Cooking Practices ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
In The Beginning

Background: Iodine insufficiency is prevalent throughout the world, and is rated as one of the most significant public health concerns in more than 125 countries. Secondary to the insufficient dietary consumption of iodine, almost two billion individuals are prone to suffer from iodine deficiency disorders worldwide. The present survey was conducted in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh in order to assess the extent of iodine deficiency disorders, 55 years after the initiation of salt iodisation programme.Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in district Chamba of Himachal Pradesh. A close ended pretested questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic information of the participants. Iodine content of salt and water was assessed with the use of I-Check and AQUA test kits in the households.Results: A total of 230 households were surveyed for the consumption of iodised salt which showed that 100% of the study population was using packet iodised salt for consumption. Majority of the population (92.6%) were placing their salt container near chulah in their kitchen and 73.5% were adding the salt in the beginning of the cooking followed by 16.1% in the middle of the cooking. Iodine content of salt sample collected revealed that 95.7% contain only 7 ppm iodine and 99.6% of the water sample contains less than 0.1 level iodine in water testing.Conclusions: The results of study indicated that population of district Chamba is using iodised salt but there is still need of strengthening of monitoring system as well as health education regarding the cooking practices in the households.

scholarly journals Availability of Adequately Iodized Dietary Salt and Associated Factors in a Town of Southeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gadisa Fitala Obssie ◽  
Kassahun Ketema ◽  
Yohannes Tekalegn
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Southeast Ethiopia

Background. Iodine deficiency is the world’s major cause of preventable intellectual impairment, and nearly 2 billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency worldwide. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders primarily aim at ensuring the intake of adequate iodine to maintain normal thyroid function. In our study area, studies regarding the coverage of adequately iodized salt at household level are meager. Hence, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of adequately iodized dietary salt at a household level in Kore Town, Southeast Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kore town from August 1 to 30, 2019. A total of 394 households were selected for this study using a simple random sampling technique. The level of salt iodine content was determined using the rapid field test kit. Then, iodine contents of dietary salt were reported as <15 parts per million and ≥15 parts per million. Data regarding sociodemographic factors, knowledge of respondents about iodized salt, and iodized salt handling practices were collected through a face-to-face interview. The binary logistic regression model was used to assess the association between independent factors and the outcome variable. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05 . Result. Out of all the households, 223 (56.6%) had adequately iodized salt. Not exposing iodized salt to sunlight (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.2), storing the salt at a dry or cold place [(AOR = 4.77, 95% CI: 1.39, 16.45) and (AOR = 8.23, 95% CI: 1.44, 47.19), respectively], and having good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.01) were significantly associated with the presence of adequately iodized salt at the household level. Conclusion. Availability of adequately iodized salt in the study area was far below the World Health Organization recommendation. Information regarding the importance and proper handling of iodized dietary salt should be communicated to the householders.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of People in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, with Regard to Iodine-Deficiency Disorders and Iodized Salt

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
T. Igari ◽  
D. Buttumur ◽  
M. Oyunbileg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Salt Iodization

In 1995 Mongolia introduced a national programme of salt iodization to eliminate iodine-deficiency disorders. To investigate the extent of acceptability and utilization of iodized salt, a study of people's knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) was carried out in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, in 1996 and 1997. A total of 838 people (housewives, parents of schoolchildren, post-partum women, and pregnant women) were interviewed about their KAP regarding iodine-deficiency disorders and iodized salt. In addition, the amount of salt consumption at the household level was examined. Over 95% of the study population knew about iodine-deficiency disorders and iodized salt, and most of them received the information from television and radio. About 90% of them had already used iodized salt. The price of iodized salt is a little higher than that of common salt, but it is still affordable for most people. This study demonstrates the possibility of the expansion of the programme nationwide.

scholarly journals Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhi Agarwal ◽  
Chandrakant S Pandav ◽  
Madhukar G Karmarkar ◽  
Sirimavo Nair
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Capital Region ◽  
Community Monitoring ◽  
National Capital

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was conducted to assess the current status of iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) in the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR Delhi) and evaluate the implementation and impact of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSchool-going children (n1230) in the age group of 6–12 years were enrolled from thirty primary schools in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Thirty schools were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. In each identified school forty-one children were surveyed. Urine and salt samples were collected and studied for iodine concentration. A total of sixty salt samples from retail level were also collected.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 6–12 years.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was found to be 198·4 μg/l. The percentage of children with UIE levels of <20·0, 20·0–49·9, 50·0–99·9 and ≥100·0 μg/l was 1·9, 4·3, 9·5 and 84·2 %, respectively. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (salt with iodine levels of at least 15 ppm at consumption level) was 88·8 %. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that only 6·1 % of the families were consuming salt with iodine content less than 7 ppm. At retail level 88·3 % of salt samples had >15 ppm iodine.ConclusionsSignificant progress has been achieved towards elimination of IDD from NCR Delhi. There is a need for further strengthening of the system to monitor the quality of iodized salt provided to the beneficiaries under the universal salt iodization programme and so eliminate IDD from NCR Delhi.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Burie and Womberma Districts, West Gojjam, Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (64) ◽  
pp. 9167-9180
Author(s):  
KA Aweke ◽  
◽  
BT Adamu ◽  
AM Girmay ◽  
T Yohannes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Biological Mother ◽  
Iodine Level

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) affect millions of people in developing countries mainly due to dietary iodine deficiency and aggravating factors that affect the bioavailability of iodine in the body. Iodine deficiency disorder is one of the public health problems of Ethiopia. Recent findings show that both endemic a nd non- endemic areas have high goiter rates . Burie and Womberma districts are two of the endemic goiter areas in the country. T he etiology of goiter in these areas is not fully studied so far. T he objective of this cross -sectional community based study was to assess the magnitude and causes of goiter . The study was conducted in July 2010. The sample size was determined by assuming 50% prevalence of total goiter rate, 5% error, 95% confidence interval, design effect of 1(random) and 5% of non- response rate. A two -stage random sampling (sub- district and village ) was used to select children age d 6- 12 years and their biological mother s from 10 randomly selected village s in each of the districts . Overall , 403 households participated in the study. The assessment was conducted using palpation of thyroid size, urinary iodine level determination , household level interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The study revealed a total goiter prevalence rate of 54% and 30.1 % in children and their biological mother s, respectively . More than 64% of the children were severely iodine deficient. The major cause for goiter as revealed by urinary iodine level and concentration of iodized salt is dietary iodine deficiency. There are no goitrogenic foods such as cassava; however, goitrogenic chemicals such as Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane ( DDT ) and 2,4 -Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2,4- D) were widely use d. The study area s are known for surplus produce of cereals, legumes and chilli. In order to reverse the problem , immediate and sustainable distribution of iodated salt /oil capsule , prohibition of direct application of pesticides on foods and awareness creation on adverse effects of IDD and benefits of iodine nutrition is highly recommended.

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