scholarly journals Thyroid Function and Thyroglobulin Level in Iodine-Deficient Children of Eastern Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Saroj Kunwar ◽  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Basanta Gelal ◽  
Saroj Thapa ◽  
Gaurishankar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional

Iodine deficiency during childhood affects physical and mental development. Iodine deficiency or excess both can negatively impact thyroid function. We conducted this study to assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in children with insufficient urinary iodine concentration. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the selected schools of Udayapur district. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured in 1012 school children (6-14 years). Based on UIC data, 83 blood samples were collected to measure serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4). UIC was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method, and Tg, TSH, fT4, and fT3 were measured using ELISA kits. The median UIE was 236 µg/L, and 11.1% of the children had insufficient UIC. The mean fT3, fT4, and TSH in children with insufficient UIC were 2.55±0.43 pg/mL, 0.96±0.28 ng/dL, and 3.60±1.44 mIU/L respectively. Among children with low UIC levels, the median Tg was 17.5 ng/mL. Overt hypothyroidism was seen in 6%, and subclinical hypothyroidism in 3.6%. The children had sufficient iodine nutrition, and the frequency of thyroid dysfunction was low among the children with insufficient UIC.

scholarly journals Thyroid function and thyroglobulin level in iodine deficient children of eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saroj Kunwar ◽  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Basanta Gelal ◽  
Saroj Thapa ◽  
Gaurishankar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin

Abstract Objective: Both iodine deficiency and excess can negatively impact thyroid function. The present study was conducted to assess iodine nutrition among children and thyroid function in iodine deficient children. Results: A total of 1012 school aged children (6-14 years) from several schools of Udayapur district were enrolled initially for the assessment of urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Blood samples (n=83) were collected from a subgroup of children who had UIC<100 µg/L to measure serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4). Serum UIC was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method and Tg, TSH, fT4 and fT3 were measured by ELISA kits from Diametra Company. The prevalence of insufficient UIC (UIC<100 µg/L) was 11.1% in school children’s of Udayapur district. The median UIC was 236 µg/L. The mean fT3, fT4 and TSH among children with insufficient UIC were 2.55±0.43 pg/mL, 0.96±0.28 ng/dL and 3.60±1.44 mIU/L respectively. The Median Tg was 17.5 ng/mL. Overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was seen in 6% and 3.6% cases with UIC<100 µg/L respectively.

scholarly journals High prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in adequate iodine area

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Carneiro Borges Mioto ◽  
Ana Carolina de Castro Nassif Gomes Monteiro ◽  
Rosalinda Yossie Asato de Camargo ◽  
Andréia Rodrigues Borel ◽  
Regina Maria Catarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Objectives Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with obstetric and neonatal adverse outcomes. Serum thyroglobulin (sTg) and thyroid volume (TV) are optional tools to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for defining iodine status. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area by spot UIC and correlation with sTg, TV and thyroid function. Methods Two hundred and seventy-three pregnant women were evaluated at three trimesters. All had no previous thyroid disease, no iodine supplementation and negative thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies. Thyroid function and sTg were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. TV was determined by ultrasonography; UIC was determined using a modified Sandell–Kolthoff method. Results Median UIC was 146 µg/L, being 52% iodine deficient and only 4% excessive. TSH values were 1.50 ± 0.92, 1.50 ± 0.92 and 1.91 ± 0.96 mIU/L, respectively, in each trimester (P = 0.001). sTg did not change significantly during trimesters with median 11.2 ng/mL and only 3.3% had above 40 ng/mL. Mean TV was 9.3 ± 3.4 mL, which positively correlated with body mass index, but not with sTg. Only 4.5% presented with goitre. When pregnant women were categorized as iodine deficient (UIC < 150 µg/L), adequate (≥150 and <250 µg/L) and excessive (≥250 µg/L), sTg, thyroid hormones and TV at each trimester showed no statistical differences. Conclusions Iodine deficiency was detected frequently in pregnant women living in iodine-adequate area. sTg concentration and TV did not correlate to UIC. Our observation also demonstrated that the Brazilian salt-iodization programme prevents deficiency, but does not maintain iodine status within adequate and recommended ranges for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy: A matter of debate

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 018-026
Author(s):  
Delshad Hossein ◽  
Azizi Fereidoun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency through the world. Nowadays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of irreversible brain damage, intellectual disability, neurologic abnormalities, stunted growth, increased pregnancy loss, infant mortality, impairments in child development and cretinism. The potential effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are debated. Results from animal studies and observational human studies indicate that maternal mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency disturbs thyroid function in pregnancy and it also may affects fetal neurodevelopment. The effect of supplementation of iodine on thyroid function of pregnant women and their newborn, neurodevelopment of infants and cognitive performance of children have been investigated using iodine nutrition in pregnancy, based on median urinary iodine concentration. However they have found conflicting results regarding the benefits or harms of iodine supplementation in pregnancy. Although many epidemiological, interventional and clinical studies have supported the association between thyroid function in pregnant women and later psychomotor and mental development of their children, the effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on neurodevelopment of children is inconclusive. Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be at risk of having iodine deficiency and despite WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF recommendation which believe that dietary iodine fortification during pregnancy depends primarily on the extent of pre-existing iodine deprivation, systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group. However, iodine supplementation of mildly iodine deficient pregnant women may not have beneficial effects in their thyroid function or neurodevelopment of their children.

Iodine nutrition status of women after 10 years of Lipiodol supplementation: a cross-sectional study in Xinjiang, China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lixiang Liu ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Qin Lin ◽  
Xiaohui Su ◽  
Jia Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Status Of Women

Abstract This study examined the contribution of long-term use of Lipiodol capsules, as a supplement to iodised salt to the control of iodine deficiency disorders among women in Xinjiang of China. A total of 1220 women across Kashgar, Aksu, Turpan and Yili Prefectures were surveyed in 2017. Lipiodol capsules were administered twice yearly in Kashgar and once yearly in Aksu and Turpan, but not in Yili. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroid volume values were assessed. All the women in the four areas were in a state of non-iodine deficiency by UIC. The UIC were higher than adequate in Kashgar and Aksu (619·4 v. 278·6 μg/l). Thyroid hormone levels differed significantly in Turpan and Yili (FT3: 4·4 v. 4·6 pmol/l, FT4: 13·8 v. 14·2 pmol/l, TSH: 2·0 v. 2·7 mIU/l), but did not differ significantly in Kashgar, Aksu and Yili. The four areas did not differ significantly with regard to thyroid nodules, autoimmune thyroiditis or goitre. However, the detection rates of subclinical hypothyroidism (16·6 %) and total thyroid dysfunction (25·4 %) were higher among women in Yili. The supplementation with Lipiodol capsules had improved the iodine nutrition status of women in iodine-deficient areas of Xinjiang since 2006. To avoid negative effects of excess iodine, we suggest a gradual discontinuation of Lipiodol capsules in women with special needs based on the existing iodine nutrition level of local women.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Thyroid stimulating hormone isn’t a sensitive indicator of iodine nutritional status in schoolchildren

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Renata De Oliveira Campos ◽  
Joaquim Custódio Silva Júnior ◽  
Elton Estrela Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> iodine deficiency </em><em>disorders (IDD)</em><em> </em><em>are most common cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation and stunted growth in children</em><em> worldwide. Several indicators are complementary to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for assessing iodine nutritional status, as thyroid size, thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in the blood.</em><strong><em> Objective:</em></strong><em> </em><em>analyze TSH in filter paper blood values and correlate with UIC in schoolchildren from public school at state of Bahia, Brazil</em><em>. <strong>Methodology: </strong></em><em>cross-sectional study was conducted in 880 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years, randomly selected, of public schools in five cities of four micro-regions of Bahia between October 2013 and September 2014. TSH was analyzed in filter-paper blood and UIC were measured by adapted Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. </em><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> 880 blood samples on filter-paper were analyzed for TSH. The reference range previously established is 0.72 to 6.0 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/mL</em><em>. Results of this research TSH dosage ranged from 0.24 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L to</em><em> 7.71 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L,</em><em> with a mean of 1.01±0.55 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/L</em><em> and median 0.89 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/L</em><em>. Only one child presented TSH greater than 6.0 (7.71 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L); however, results of urinary iodine were consistent with a more than adequate nutrition iodine (243.70</em><em>μ</em><em>g/L). There’ no correlation between TSH and UIC (r= 0.115; p= 0.002)</em><em>.</em><em> </em><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em>  in the present study, schoolchildren showed low values of TSH, but the mean UIC was indicative of adequate iodine nutrition</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Women Remain at Risk of Iodine Deficiency during Pregnancy: The Importance of Iodine Supplementation before Conception and Throughout Gestation

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Hynes ◽  
Judy Seal ◽  
Petr Otahal ◽  
Wendy Oddy ◽  
John Burgess
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
The Impact

In Australia, pregnant women are advised to take an iodine supplement (I-supp) (150 µg/day) to reduce risks to the foetus associated with iodine deficiency (ID). To examine the impact of this recommendation on iodine status, and to identify factors that contribute to adequacy during gestation, supplement use and Urinary Iodine Concentration (UIC) was measured in 255 pregnant women (gestation range 6 to 41 weeks) in Tasmania. The median UIC (MUIC) of 133 µg/L (Inter-quartile range 82–233) was indicative of ID, being below the 150–249 µg/L range for adequacy during pregnancy. Women taking an iodine-containing-supplement (I-supp) had a significantly higher MUIC (155 µg/L) (n = 171) compared to the combined MUIC (112.5 µg/L) (n = 84) of those who had never (120 µg/L) (n = 61) or were no longer taking an I-supp (90 µg/L) (n = 23) (p = 0.017). Among women reporting I-supp use, the MUIC of those commencing the recommended 150 µg/day prior to conception was significantly higher than those starting supplementation following pregnancy confirmation: 196 (98–315) µg/L (n = 45) versus 137.5 (82.5–233.5) µg/L (n = 124), p = 0.032. Despite recommendations for iodine supplementation pregnant Tasmanian women remain at risk of ID. Commencing an I-supp of 150 µg/day prior to conception and continuing throughout pregnancy is required to ensure adequacy. Timely advice regarding the importance of adequate iodine nutrition, including supplementation is needed to reduce the risk of irreversible in utero neurocognitive damage to the foetus.

Saliva Iodine Concentration in Children and Its Association with Iodine Status and Thyroid Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. e3451-e3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxing Guo ◽  
Ziyun Pan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Ya Jin ◽  
Shuyao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Abstract Context The effectiveness of saliva iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine status in children is not clear. Objective We aimed to explore associations between SIC and assessed indicators of iodine status and thyroid function. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Primary schools in Shandong, China. Participants Local children aged 8 to 13 years with no known thyroid disease were recruited to this study. Main outcome measures Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status. Results SIC positively correlated with spot urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.29, P &lt; 0.0001), 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.35, P &lt; 0.0001), and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (r = 0.40, P &lt; 0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TN) and goiter showed an upward trend with SIC quantiles (P for trend &lt; 0.05). Children with SIC &lt;105 μg/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 4.18; 95% CI, 2.67-6.56) compared with those with higher SIC. Those having SIC &gt;273 μg/L were associated with greater risks of TN (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.38-5.26) and excessive iodine status (OR = 18.56; 95% CI, 5.66-60.91) than those with lower SIC values. Conclusions There is a good correlation between SIC and urinary iodine concentrations. It is of significant reference value for the diagnosis of iodine deficiency with SIC of less than 105 μg/L and for the diagnosis of iodine excess and TN with SIC of more than 273 μg/L. Given the sanitary nature and convenience of saliva iodine collection, SIC is highly recommended as a good biomarker of recent iodine status in school-aged children.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition status in clinically euthyroid pregnant women attending in BSMMU

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Md. Anowar Hossain ◽  
M. Abul Hasanat ◽  
Murshed Ahamed Khan ◽  
Jobaida Naznin ◽  
Kazi Ashraful Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutritional Problem

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are common nutritional problem globally. All groups of people are affected by it, but the pregnant women and their neonates are most vulnerable.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> This study was carried out to see the iodine status of pregnant women using median urinary iodine concentration (MUI) as a measure of outcome. Methods: This cross sectional observational study assessed the MUI in casual urine samples from 225 pregnant women (75 pregnants from each trimester) and 75 non-pregnant healthy controls. The urinary iodine content was estimated in urine sample using the method of Dunn et al. with the modification of Sandell &amp; Kolthoff (wet digestion method).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Median value of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 48.21Ug/L compared to 52.27</p>

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