scholarly journals Cohesion in Polish-English Translation and Its Implications for Translator Training

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233
Author(s):  
Marcin Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Translator Training ◽  
Language Pair

This paper focuses on the ways of maintaining cohesive links in the translation process in the Polish-English language pair. Of primary interest is how the thematic/rhematic structure of Polish sentences can be successfully rendered in English to produce cohesive, natural-sounding and communicative target texts with a proper information flow. These aspects have implications for translation teaching. It has been observed that, in view of the differences between Polish and English word order, university students at the start of their translator training experience two general problems as they attempt to translate longer stretches of text into English: (1) they produce cohesive passages, which contain errors in word order (due to syntactic interference from Polish) or (2) they produce grammatically correct sentences, which, however, form incohesive passages (i.e. ones in which the thematic/rhematic progression is not retained) with an inappropriate information structure. For this reason, students need to become acquainted with some practical solutions that help build cohesion in Polish-English translation. These include (1) shifts from active to passive, (2) other shifts in syntactic functions, (3) fronting, and (4) inventing sentence subjects out of broader context.

Dealing with variability in loanword integration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Direct Objects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pair Word ◽  
Language Pair

This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.

scholarly journals E. E. Cummings: From Parenthesis to Personality (Part II)

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Uroš Mozetič
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
American Poetry ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
Poetic Diction ◽  
Poetic Composition

The paper presents the unique oeuvre of E.E. Cummings; who claims an outstanding position in the heritage of American poetry; as a case of Bildungsdichtung. This status is largely due to his highly innovative and iconoclastic approach to poetic composition; starting from his early rebellious endeavours drawing on an astounding variety of non-standard and downright shocking potentialities of the English language (including such peculiar linguistic and stylistic idiosyncracies as drastic changes of the syntactic English word order; shifts at the morphology and word-formation level; unorthodox use of punctuation; extravagant typography and spacing or arrangement of space between the lines; a diversity of meters and rhymes; as well as seemingly eccentric imagery); to his later and invariably maturer poetic diction – the diction of one who has apparently come to terms with the world and his fellow-beings; realising that genuine wisdom resides in the understanding and forgiveness of the inherently fallible human nature rather than in its continuous sardonic scrutiny.

scholarly journals The Transition from Comprehensive to Analytical Characteristics of English Language

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1241
Author(s):  
Xiaqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Development Of Language

English belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is a language that achieves meaning expression through its own form of inflection, focusing on form, and it is one kind of comprehensive language. Analytical language expresses grammatical meaning through function words, word order, and so on. With the development of language, English has a tendency to develop from comprehensive language to analytical language. In this study, it explains the transitional characteristics of English language from comprehensive characteristics to analytical characteristics from following aspects: reduces or even disappears of English  morphological change; the ability of English vocabulary meaning expansion; the multi-use of function words; the powerful grammatical function of the article; the fusion of English and Chinese language; the Chinese loanword in English;  the Syntactical phenomenon of English and Chinese language, the complexity of English word formation, the theme-highlight sentence pattern.

scholarly journals E. E. Cummings: From Parenthesis to Personality (Part I)

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 201-212
Author(s):  
Uroš Mozetič
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
American Poetry ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
Poetic Diction ◽  
Poetic Composition

The paper presents the unique oeuvre of E.E. Cummings, who claims an outstanding position in the heritage of American poetry, as a case of Bildungsdichtung. This status is largely due to his highly innovative and iconoclastic approach to poetic composition, starting from his early rebellious endeavours drawing on an astounding variety of non-standard and downright shocking potentialities of the English language (including such peculiar linguistic and stylistic idiosyncracies as drastic changes of the syntactic English word order, shifts at the morphology and word-formation level, unorthodox use of punctuation, extravagant typography and spacing or arrangement of space between the lines, a diversity of meters and rhymes, as well as seemingly eccentric imagery), to his later and invariably maturer poetic diction – the diction of one who has apparently come to terms with the world and his fellow-beings, realising that genuine wisdom resides in the understanding and forgiveness of the inherently fallible human nature rather than in its continuous sardonic scrutiny.

scholarly journals TEACHING LEGAL ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY THE CASE METHOD IN RUSSIAN-ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAIR

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 961-971
Author(s):  
Yury Muravev
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
English Translation ◽  
English Language ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Language Pair

Purpose of the study: The study aims to find parallels between legal translation practice and training by analyzing the case study methods' capabilities and limitations in academic institutions. It presents a comparative research of various situations of professional communication and legal documents employed as learning tools for the case study method in a classroom environment. Methodology: The primary methods used in this research are case study method, analysis of ESP teaching materials, methods of comparative linguistics, descriptive statistics, and translation studies. The study rests on the use of translation techniques in Russian-English translation of case briefs that is why the author used algorithm-based machine translation software and grammar analysis software for in-depth analysis of legal documents. Main Findings: Regular exercise following the suggested patterns of language training based on comparative legal case studies improves the relative translation competence and students' readiness for written and oral 'on-the-spot' translation in Russian-English language pair. It develops professional cross-cultural communication skills at the end of the final semester of Legal English training. Applications of this study: The results of the research, including the suggested exercise patterns for implementing the case study method in teaching Russian-English translation, may be used as Legal English learning tools. Besides, some results of the research may contribute to the improvement of output quality of machine translation systems and the development of legal tech software. Novelty of this study: The article presents a case study method used in legal translation training and task design for advanced levels of Legal English. The secondary goal is to find teaching methods that may enhance the learning motivation of Legal English students by realistic scenarios of business simulation games. The novelty aspect is the practical use of adjustable frames in task design.

scholarly journals Cognitive Dominants, Language-Specific Communication and Translation Problems

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-111
Author(s):  
N. K. Riabtseva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Translation ◽  
English Language ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
The Russian Language

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

The Oxford Latin Syntax

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harm Pinkster
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Secondary Predicates ◽  
Grammatical Framework

Volume II of the Oxford Latin Syntax deals with the syntax and pragmatics of complex sentences in Latin and other topics that transcend the simple clause (which is the content of Volume I). The volume starts with a chapter on subordination in general, followed by chapters on subordinate clauses that function as argument or as satellite in their sentence. Separate chapters are devoted to subordinate clauses governed by nouns and adjectives and to relative clauses. In addition there are chapters on coordination, comparison, secondary predicates, information structure of clauses and sentences including the use of emphatic particles, word order, and various discourse phenomena such as sentence connection. As in Volume I, the description of the Latin material is based upon texts from roughly 200 BC to AD 450. The Latin texts that are discussed are provided with an English translation. Supplements contain further examples to illustrate the main text. The grammatical framework used is mainly that of Functional Grammar but the description is accessible for readers without a modern linguistic background.

scholarly journals SPECIFICS OF OLD ENGLISH SYNTAX AS THE BASIS FOR GRAMMATICALIZATION OF FOCUSING ADVERBS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11(79)) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
Olena Andrushenko
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
English Language Development ◽  
New Information ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
Focus Marking

The article deals with the preconditions of focusing adverbs grammaticalization in Old English, which function as one of the markers of sentence information structure in Modern English. With major strategies of highlighting the components of information structure in the language of VII-XI cen. being analyzed, the study found that the order of arranging the elements in the sentence was, namely, most sensitive to old/new information allotment, as well as, sentence topic and focus marking, which explains the word order variations in the clause. Adverbs as a class in this period were represented by temporal, VP- and sentential ones. All these types have relevance for the current study given that they may serve as one of the sources of grammaticalization for focusing adverbs in further periods of the English language development. The other source for the highlighted adverbs formation were adverbial suffixes -ly or -e added to adjectives, nouns and verbs. It was proved that the major adverbial discourse markers in Old English are temporal adverbs þa/thonne, her and nu. Therefore, this class presumably served the basis for the formation of new focusing adverbs at further stages of the language evolution.

Phrase-Learning in Deaf and Hearing Subjects

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope B. Odom ◽  
Richard L. Blanton
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
English Word ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Twelfth Graders ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Study Test ◽  
The Mean

Two groups each containing 24 deaf subjects were compared with 24 fifth graders and 24 twelfth graders with normal hearing on the learning of segments of written English. Eight subjects from each group learned phrasally defined segments such as “paid the tall lady,” eight more learned the same words in nonphrases having acceptable English word order such as “lady paid the tall,” and the remaining eight in each group learned the same words scrambled, “lady tall the paid.” The task consisted of 12 study-test trials. Analyses of the mean number of words recalled correctly and the probability of recalling the whole phrase correctly, given that one word of it was recalled, indicated that both ages of hearing subjects showed facilitation on the phrasally defined segments, interference on the scrambled segments. The deaf groups showed no differential recall as a function of phrasal structure. It was concluded that the deaf do not possess the same perceptual or memory processes with regard to English as do the hearing subjects.

Factored Statistical Machine Translation for German-English

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Darryl Yunus Sulistyan
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
English Language ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
New Model ◽  
Language Pair

Machine Translation is a machine that is going to automatically translate given sentences in a language to other particular language. This paper aims to test the effectiveness of a new model of machine translation which is factored machine translation. We compare the performance of the unfactored system as our baseline compared to the factored model in terms of BLEU score. We test the model in German-English language pair using Europarl corpus. The tools we are using is called MOSES. It is freely downloadable and use. We found, however, that the unfactored model scored over 24 in BLEU and outperforms the factored model which scored below 24 in BLEU for all cases. In terms of words being translated, however, all of factored models outperforms the unfactored model.

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