scholarly journals Health Inequality as a Socially Created Complex System

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Battle-Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Sciences Of Complexity

Brought to light by COVID-19, and the Black Lives Matter and Twitter #BlackBioethics movements, bioethics as a discipline has not intentionally accounted for distributive justice in its scholarship. Modern society exhibits gross disparities that affect marginalized populations who suffer amid social, financial, physical and emotional stressors. While marginalized groups that are underserved are not monoliths, disparity persists in disadvantaged communities regardless of social and economic strata. Disparity is the epitome of injustice. The overemphasis on proximal determinants demonstrates ill placed overemphasis on personal culpability whilst ignoring systemic factors that result in structural injustice. The sciences of complexity and systems thinking move healthcare beyond historically ingrained heuristics that more often than not entrench disparities meant to be reversed. This paper sets out the argument that the application of complexity and systems as a groundwork for culturally inclusive bioethics by framing health disparities as structurally and morally complex.

Holistic and reductionist thinker : a comparison study based on individuals’ skillset and personality types

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Nagahi ◽  
Raed Jaradat ◽  
Safae El Amrani ◽  
Michael Hamilton ◽  
Simon Goerger
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
The Relationship

As organizations operate in turbulent and complex environments, it has become a necessity to assess the systems thinking (ST) skills, personality types (PTs), and demographics of practitioners. In this study, we investigated the relationship between practitioners’ ST profile, their PTs profiles and demographic characteristics in the domain of complex system problems. The objective of this study is to address the current gap in the literature – lack of studies dedicated to predicting practitioners’ ST profile based on their PTs and demographics characteristics. A total of 258 practitioners with different demographics and PTs provided the data. The results show that (1) practitioners can be classified based on their ST skills scores into two clusters: holistic and reductionist (that is, ST profile), (2) each cluster has different PTs profiles and demographic characteristics, and (3) practitioner’s ST profile can be predicted, with good accuracy, based on their PTs profile and demographic characteristics.

Referencing Race = Racist? Examining Perceptions of References to a Target’s Race as Offensive

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-481
Author(s):  
Conor J. O’Dea ◽  
Bayleigh N. Smith ◽  
Donald A. Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Important Implication ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Total N ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Linguistic Functions

We examined majority group members’ perceptions of racial slurs, compared to what we have labeled as combination terms. These combination terms possess the same semantic and pragmatic linguistic functions as racial slurs, functioning to express negative emotion toward, and to describe, a target. Across three studies (total N = 943) racial slurs were not perceived as significantly different from combination terms. We then examined whether participants higher in social dominance beliefs reported greater perceived justification for using combination terms over racial slurs because of their lack of historical denigration of marginalized groups that racial slurs have. Participants, even those higher in socially dominant attitudes, did not perceive greater justification for the use of combination terms than racial slurs. Indeed, an important implication is that race-marking, an understudied area of social psychology, paired with general derogative terms produces terms which may function similarly to racial slurs, but, fortunately, are also similarly vilified in modern society.

Does Protest Against Police Violence Matter? Evidence from U.S. Cities, 1990 through 2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 000312242110569
Author(s):  
Susan Olzak
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Police Brutality ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Civilian Review ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Focal Issue

An underlying premise of democratic politics is that protest can be an effective form of civic engagement that shapes policy changes desired by marginalized groups. But it is not certain that this premise holds up under scrutiny. This article presents a three-part argument that protest (1) signals the salience of a movement’s focal issue and expands awareness that an issue is a social problem requiring a solution, (2) empowers residents in disadvantaged communities and raises a sense of community cohesion, which together (3) raise costs and exert pressure on elites to make concessions. The empirical analysis examines the likelihood that a city will establish a civilian review board (CRB). It then compares the effects of protest and CRB presence on counts of officer-involved fatalities by race and ethnicity. Two main hypotheses about the effect of protest are supported: cities with more protest against police brutality are significantly more likely to establish a CRB, and protest against police brutality reduces officer-involved fatalities for African American and Latino (but not for White) individuals. However, the establishment of CRBs does not reduce fatalities, as some have hoped. Nonetheless, mobilizing against police brutality matters, even in the absence of civilian review boards.

Financial Risks and the Division of Moral Labour

SATS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teppo Eskelinen ◽  
Jukka Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Risk Distribution

AbstractModern society is characterised by the constant production, commodification, and distribution of risks, which has also become an increasingly important political issue. Given the commodification and the resulting distributability of risks, risks have become an issue of distributive justice instead of mere reason for precautionary concerns. This is particularly pronounced in the case of financial risks. In this article, we analyze how choices related to distributive justice inform the systems of risk distribution. Our main aim is to apply the Rawlsian notion of “division of moral labor” in the context of financial risks. By an analysis of the scope of financial risks, we will show that the libertarian choice of division of moral labour rests on an unnecessarily narrow idea of the scope of the distribution of risks.

scholarly journals Assessment of workforce systems preferences/skills based on employment domain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed Jaradat ◽  
Erin Stirgus ◽  
Simon Goerger ◽  
Randy Buchanan ◽  
Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
System Of Systems ◽  
Research Show

Given the growing demand for a workforce with an understanding of system of systems, there is a need to assess an individual’s systems thinking skills. This research was undertaken to address this need by measuring an individual’s inclination to work on complex system problems based on their systems thinking score. This article investigates the correlation between employment domains and an individual’s systems thinking preferences/skills. Results of this research show that each employment domain is significantly different in their systems thinking preferences/skills profiles as well as significantly different in how the employment domains perceive change and their system’s worldview.

scholarly journals Strategic use of communication to market cancer prevention and control to vulnerable populations

2012 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Gary L. Kreps
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Cancer Prevention And Control ◽  
And Control

There are significant challenges to communicating relevant cancer prevention and control information to health care consumers due both to the complexities of the health information to be communicated and the complexities of health communication, especially with vulnerable populations. The need for effective communication about cancer risks, early detection, prevention, care, and survivorship is particularly acute, yet also tremendously complex, for reaching vulnerable populations, those groups of people who are most likely to suffer significantly higher levels of morbidity and mortality from cancers than other segments of the population. These vulnerable populations, typically the poorest, lowest educated, and most disenfranchised members of modern society, are heir to serious cancer-related health disparities. Vulnerable populations often have health literacy difficulties, cultural barriers, and economic challenges to accessing and making sense of relevant health information. This paper examines these challenges to communicating relevant information to vulnerable populations and suggests strategies for effectively using different communication media for marketing cancer preventionand control to reduce health disparities and promote public health.

scholarly journals Differences between Task, Exercise, and Drill in L2 Education: A Systems-thinking Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Somayyeh Sabah
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
The Real

The present study considered the definitions of and differences between the concepts of task, exercise, and drill in the related literature on L2 practices. The concept of task has been commonly differentiated from the exercise and drill with respect to certain criteria. Task is, in the main, meaning-based, goal-oriented, and purposeful with a nonlinguistic and communicative outcome. Based on Long (2016), task demands the L2 use in the real world. Also, as said by Swales (1990), tasks are more relatable to the genre than the other two language practices. Moreover, the task performance endows L2 learners with higher degrees of freedom than the accomplishment of the exercise and drilling, respectively. Furthermore, this study examined and supported a systems-thinking perspective on task-based language teaching (TBLT) (Finch, 2001). However, considering the task phase as a complex system seems to be still under debate and thus needs more research and analysis.

Towards a Conceptual Knowledge Management System Based on Systems Thinking and Sociotechnical Thinking

2012 ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Svetlana Sajeva
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Management System ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Knowledge Management System ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Management Processes

This paper contributes to the field of knowledge management arguing that knowledge management research should be grounded in both systems thinking and sociotechnical thinking. Systems thinking enables the treating of knowledge management broadly, as a complex system, not limited to knowledge management processes, but encompassing other essential elements related to managing knowledge at an organization. Sociotechnical thinking considers both social elements and technology equally important in managing knowledge. The two above mentioned approaches are used to support the idea that, in order to successfully manage knowledge, a balanced sociotechnical knowledge management system should be designed at an organization. The article seeks to investigate the main elements of such a system and to show how these elements relate to each other demonstrating that a strong correlation exists between the knowledge management process and strategic leadership.

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