Effects of the EMDR Protocol for Recent Traumatic Events on Acute Stress Disorder: A Case Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Buydens ◽  
Marshall Wilensky ◽  
Barbara J. Hensley
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for recent traumatic events in the treatment of acute stress disorder. Within weeks of being exposed to an isolated traumatic event, 7 adults diagnosed with acute stress disorder were provided with multiple sessions of the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events, an extended version of the EMDR therapy standard protocol. In each case, an individual’s subjective distress caused by the traumatic events was measured using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and the goal of alleviating symptoms was accomplished. The positive results suggest the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events may be an effective means of providing early treatment to victims of trauma, potentially preventing the development of the more severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Acute Stress Disorder: Rates Following Different Types of Traumatic Events

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483802093384
Author(s):  
Steve Geoffrion ◽  
Jane Goncalves ◽  
Isabelle Robichaud ◽  
Josette Sader ◽  
Charles-Édouard Giguère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Interpersonal Trauma ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Different Types

Studies investigating rates of acute stress disorder following exposure to a traumatic event report widely varying results, even when examining the same types of traumatic events. The first purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe rates of acute stress disorder following five different types of traumatic events. The second goal was to assess the methodological and trauma-related factors influencing these rates. Between May 2017 and October 2019, studies were identified by searching through the PsychINFO, PubMed/Medline, OVID, CINAHL, Scopus, and PILOTS databases. Records were included if (1) participants were 16 years old and over, (2) the assessment was completed within 30 days of the event, (3) a standardized assessment instrument was utilized, (4) the type of traumatic event was specified, and (5) the acute stress disorder rate was reported. The list of traumatic events used for the search strategy was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and was complemented by those listed in the Life Events Checklist and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Seventy-three samples from 70 studies totaling 20,065 participants met inclusion criteria. Results revealed that rates of acute stress disorder ranged from 14.1% for war-related trauma to 36.0% for interpersonal trauma. Interpersonal trauma was significantly more likely to lead to acute stress disorder than other types of events, except for disaster-related trauma. Differing assessment instruments, types of exposure and geographical locations, and the intentional nature of certain events contributed to heterogeneity in rates within each type of traumatic event.

scholarly journals Efficacy of an Early Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Acute Stress Disorder in Mexican Earthquake Victims

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Durón-Figueroa ◽  
Georgina Cárdenas-López ◽  
Soledad Quero
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract Acute stress disorder (ASD) refers to the symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the first four weeks following the traumatic event. Recent theoretical models suggest that early detection of ASD provides an opportunity to implement early interventions to prevent the development of PTSD or ameliorate its symptomatology. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the efficacy of an ASD treatment for earthquake victims, which would serve as an early intervention for PTSD. A single-case (n = 1) quasi-experimental design was used, with pre and post-assessments, as well as one, three and six-month follow-ups, with direct treatment replications. Fourteen participants completed the treatment and the follow-up measurements. The results obtained using a single-case analysis showed significant clinical improvement and clinically significant change when employing a clinical significance analysis and the reliable index of change. Statistical analyses of the dataset displayed statistically significant differences between the pre and post-assessments and the follow-up measures, as well as large effect sizes in all clinical measures. These results suggest that the treatment was an efficacious early intervention for PTSD during the months following the traumatic event, although some relevant study limitations are discussed in the text.

scholarly journals Neural therapy approach in a hospitalized patient with acute stress disorder. Case report

Case reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Alba Fernanda Ruiz-Mejía ◽  
Eduardo Humberto Beltrán-Dussán ◽  
Leonardo Alfonso Morales-Hernandez ◽  
Laura Bibiana Pinilla-Bonilla
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Abdominal Mass ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Neural Therapy ◽  
Therapy Approach

Introduction: Acute stress disorder is a picture of rapid onset that follows a traumatic event. It is characterized by dissociative, intrusive, avoidance and activation symptoms that affect the quality of life of the patient. To date, there is no evidence of a relationship between altered organ function and this disorder, and there is no literature on its treatment with neural therapy on an inpatient basis.Case presentation: 53-year-old woman, who developed symptoms compatible with acute stress disorder after the resection of an intra- abdominal mass diagnosed as lymphoma. The patient was assessed by the neural therapy department, which applied procaine into specific skin zones —determined by the clinical history and physical examination—, with improvement of dissociated symptoms.Discussion: The neural therapy approach allowed identifying the relationship between the dissociative symptoms of the patient and the associated alteration in organ function, as well as applying a therapy that led to the resolution of the symptoms.Conclusions: The neural therapy approach allows for a comprehensive perspective and treatment of the patient, taking into account the close functional relationship between mindemotions- body. This type of treatment also offers therapeutic strategies to hospitals, which can accompany the treatment established by other health specialists.

scholarly journals Confronting Trauma's Early Aftermath and the Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 585-586
Author(s):  
Ehud Klein
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Psychological Resources

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-defined clinical syndrome that develops in individuals who have witnessed or been exposed to an event that involves a direct threat to life or physical and/or psychological integrity.While numerous studies indicate that PTSD will develop in 15% to 25% of trauma victims, time-limited responses develop in a larger portion of victims during the first 48–72 hours (acute stress reaction) and to a lesser extent over the first 4 weeks (acute stress disorder). Many of those who suffer from acute posttraumatic symptoms eventually recover and overcome the consequences of the traumatic event. However, ∼30% to 50% of those with acute stress disorder will eventually develop PTSD. It is obvious that some individuals are vulnerable to the adverse effects of trauma while others have neurobiological and psychological resources that make them resilient to the long-term impact of traumatic exposure. The identification of risk factors and early predictors for PTSD is thus of major importance for identifying those at risk and for initiating therapeutic interventions aimed to reduce long-term morbidity and suffering.

scholarly journals Acute stress disorder and defense mechanisms: a study of physical trauma patients admitted to an emergency hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Rosane Moreira Santana ◽  
Cleonice Zatti ◽  
Mariana Lunardi Spader ◽  
Bibiana Godoi Malgarim ◽  
Emílio Salle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Passive Aggression

Abstract Introduction: Acute stress disorder (ASD) encompasses a set of symptoms that can arise in individuals after exposure to a traumatic event. This study assessed the defense mechanisms used by victims of physical trauma who developed ASD. Method: This was a controlled cross-sectional study of 146 patients who suffered physical trauma and required hospitalization. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate ASD symptoms based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, in addition to the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Results: Ten participants (6.85%) received a positive diagnosis of ASD, and 136, (93.15%) a negative diagnosis. The majority of the sample consisted of men with median age ranging from 33.50 to 35.50. The most prevalent defense mechanisms among the 10 patients with ASD were cancellation and devaluation, which belong to the neurotic and immature factors, respectively. Positive associations between the presence of symptoms from criterion B of the DSM-5 and defense mechanisms from the DSQ were found. These included the mechanisms of undoing, projection, passive aggression, acting out, autistic fantasy, displacement, and somatization. Conclusion: Patients with ASD employed different defense mechanisms such as undoing and devaluation when compared to patients not diagnosed with ASD. These results mark the importance of early detection of ASD symptoms at a preventative level, thereby creating new possibilities for avoiding exacerbations related to the trauma, which represents an important advance in terms of public health.

Classification of Acute Stress Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MacKenzie A. Sayer ◽  
Sarah Ostrowski-Delahanty ◽  
Maria L. Pacella-LaBarbara ◽  
Douglas L. Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm Iv

The diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) was originally introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) to identify survivors soon after a trauma who were likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, despite demonstrating acceptable predictive power, subsequent research often failed to display high rates of sensitivity or specificity for ASD predicting PTSD. This led researchers to question the utility of the diagnosis and ultimately led to a revision of the diagnosis in the fifth edition of DSM. The updated ASD diagnosis was intended to primarily promote access to healthcare services following a traumatic event, and symptoms were not selected with the aim of predicting likelihood of one developing PTSD. Ultimately, the DSM-5 ASD criteria align more closely with PTSD symptoms without an emphasis on dissociative symptoms (as was true of the DSM-IV). This chapter summarizes the development of the ASD criteria/diagnosis and evaluates the utility of the reconceptualized diagnosis for both clinicians and researchers.

Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 6506-6509
Author(s):  
Jonathan I. Bisson
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder are all psychiatric consequences of traumatic experiences. Because trauma is so common in medical practice, in the form of accidents, severe illness, and sometimes medical and surgical treatments, these disorders are commonly seen by physicians. An initial severe reaction to a traumatic event such as severe accident is an acute stress disorder and is commonly characterized by dissociation. A more long-lasting emotional reaction to ongoing stress such as a new diagnosis of life-threatening illness is termed an adjustment disorder. An often longer-lasting and more severe psychological reaction associated with repeated mental re-experiencing of the traumatic event is called post-traumatic stress disorder. These trauma-related disorders are not only an important cause of suffering but may also complicate medical care, hence they require recognition and appropriate treatment.

Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents

2012 ◽  
pp. 97-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette M. La Greca ◽  
Cortney J. Taylor ◽  
Whitney M. Herge
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Potentially Traumatic Events ◽  
Psychological Impairment

Many children and adolescents who experience potentially traumatic events, such as natural disasters, acts of violence, physical injuries, child abuse, and life-threatening medical illnesses, display significant stress symptoms. In fact, these potentially traumatic events can lead to the development of acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cause significant psychological impairment. In this chapter, we discuss the types of potentially traumatic events that lead to ASD or PTSD in youth, as well as various aspects of trauma exposure. We next review available evidence on the definition, prevalence, and course of ASD and PTSD in youth, and the risk factors associated with their development. To date, relatively few studies have examined ASD and existing evidence calls into question the validity of dissociative symptoms as part of the existing ASD diagnostic criteria for youth. In contrast, many studies have evaluated PTSD and its symptoms in youth exposed to trauma, although PTSD prevalence rates vary substantially depending on a host of factors, including the type of traumatic event experienced, the degree of exposure to the event, and the informant for PTSD symptoms, among other factors. We also discuss developmental considerations for the ASD and PTSD diagnoses and directions for future research. The chapter closes with a brief summary of proposed changes to the diagnostic criteria for ASD and PTSD in youth that are being considered for the DSM-5.

The Epidemiology of Acute Stress Disorder and Other Early Responses to Trauma in Adults

2012 ◽  
pp. 68-83
Author(s):  
Quinn M. Biggs ◽  
Jennifer M. Guimond ◽  
Carol S. Fullerton ◽  
Robert J. Ursano ◽  
Christine Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Assault Victims

Acute stress disorder (ASD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by exposure to a traumatic event followed by symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, hyper-arousal, peritraumatic dissociation, and impairment in functioning. ASD's time-limited duration (two days to one month) makes it distinct from but related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is diagnosed after one month. ASD's brief duration has contributed to a dearth of large-scale, population-based studies. Smaller studies have sought to determine rates of ASD after specific events in select populations; others have focused on ASD's role in predicting PTSD. Much can be learned from existing epidemiological studies. ASD's prevalence varies from 3% in a population of accident victims to 59% in female sexual assault victims. Female gender is a key risk factor; marital status, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status have also been associated with ASD in some studies. Comorbidities include depressive and anxiety disorders and substance use disorders.

Optimism, Satisfaction With Needs Met, Interpersonal Perceptions of the Healthcare Team, and Emotional Distress in Patients’ Family Members During Critical Care Hospitalization

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Auerbach ◽  
Donald J. Kiesler ◽  
Jennifer Wartella ◽  
Sarah Rausch ◽  
Kevin R. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Healthcare Staff ◽  
The Impact

• Background Families of critical care patients experience high levels of emotional distress. Access to information about patients’ medical conditions and quality relationships with healthcare staff are high-priority needs for these families.• Objectives To assess satisfaction with needs met, signs and symptoms of acute stress disorder, interpersonal perception of healthcare staff, level of optimism, and the relationships among these variables in patients’ family members.• Methods Family representatives of 40 patients were administered a brief version of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory, the Acute Stress Disorder Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Impact Message Inventory, and the Life Orientation Test shortly after admission of the patients to the intensive care unit and after discharge.• Results Levels of dissociative symptoms associated with acute stress disorder were elevated in family members just after admission but decreased significantly after discharge. Needs the families thought were least satisfactorily cared for after admission involved lack of information. Interpersonally, attending physicians were viewed as more controlling than bedside nurses at admission; nurses were viewed as more affiliative than physicians both at admission and after discharge. At admission, higher optimism of the family members was strongly related to greater satisfaction with needs met, to perceptions of affiliation from physicians, and to perceptions of not being controlled by physicians.• Conclusions More interpersonal contact with medical staff can help meet the information needs of patients’ families. Nurses may aid in families’ adjustment by fostering a sense of optimism in family members and encouraging them to participate in the patients’ care.

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