Role Of Probability Biclassification In Accounting And Finance Random Variable Representations

The concept of value in accounting has been generalized by various authors to a large variety of relations in both accounting and finance. For example, the basis for the preparation of the financial statements in accounting and the foundations for the determination of the return on a security in finance are based on the concept of value measurement. However, there are cases in which applications of the concept of value measurement breaks down, such as in predicting the long-run behavior of accounting and finance phenomena classified as random variables and in applying deterministic models to accounting and finance models. In this study, the principles of probability biclassification and random utility theory are used to rectify the shortcomings of generalizing the concept of value measurement to include activities to understand the long-run behavior of random variables. This study closes with a discussion on the compatibility of the intentionality structure of acts of knowledge in accounting and finance with statistical concepts on random variables.

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A note on the implications of factorial invariance for common factor variable equivalence

10.31234/osf.io/qauct ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Maraun ◽

Moritz Heene

Keyword(s):

Common Factor ◽

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Factorial Invariance ◽

Technical Examination ◽

The Common ◽

Factor Variable

There has come to exist within the psychometric literature a generalized belief to the effect that a determination of the level of factorial invariance that holds over a set of k populations Δj, j = 1..s, is central to ascertaining whether or not the common factor random variables ξj, j = 1..s, are equivalent. In the current manuscript, a technical examination of this belief is undertaken. The chief conclusion of the work is that, as long as technical, statistical senses of random variable equivalence are adhered to, the belief is unfounded.

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Random packing of an interval. II

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.1017/s0001867800032821 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 11 (03) ◽

pp. 591-602

Author(s):

David Mannion

Keyword(s):

Fine Particles ◽

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Difficult Problem ◽

Random Packing ◽

Point Of View ◽

Initial Size ◽

Moderate Size ◽

The Individual

We showed in [2] that if an object of initial size x (x large) is subjected to a succession of random partitions, then the object is decomposed into a large number of terminal cells, each of relatively small size, where if Z(x, B) denotes the number of such cells whose sizes are points in the set B, then there exists c, (0 < ≦ 1), such that Z(x, B)x −c converges in probability, as x → ∞, to a random variable W. We show here that if a parent object of size x produces k offspring of sizes y 1, y 2, ···, y k and if for each k x - y 1 - y 2 - ··· - y k (the ‘waste’ or the ‘cover’, depending on the point of view) is relatively small, then for each n the nth cumulant, Ψ n (x, B), of Z(x, B) satisfies Ψ n (x, B)x -c → κ n (B), as x → ∞, for some κ n (B). Thus, writing N = x c , Z(x, B) has approximately the same distribution as the sum of N independent and identically distributed random variables (The determination of the distribution of the individual appears to be a difficult problem.) The theory also applies when an object of moderate size is broken down into very fine particles or granules.

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Is English a Killer Language or an International Auxiliary? Its Use and Function in a Globalised World

International Journal of Language Translation and Intercultural Communication ◽

10.12681/ijltic.7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nick Ceramella

Keyword(s):

British Empire ◽

English Language ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

The Other ◽

Font Size ◽

Long Run ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

And Function

In the Introduction to this article, I deal with the importance of speaking one’s own language as a way to assert one’s identity. Then I pass on to the evolution of the English language from its start as Old English, spoken by only a few thousand Angles and Saxons.I remark how, at fi rst, it was contaminated by thousands of Latin, French and Scandinavian words, of which contemporary English still bears many clear traces, but nobody has ever thought that English was ever in danger of disappearing. By contrast, in the long run, it became the mother tongue of the speakers in comparatively newly founded countries, such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, and owing to the spread of the British Empire, it has dramatically increased its appeal becoming the most spoken and infl uential language in the world. Thus, according to some linguists, it has led several languages virtually to the verge of disappearance. Therefore, I argue whether English has really vampirised them, or has simply contributed to make people understand each other, sometimes even in the same country where lots of diff erent tongues are spoken (e.g. Nigeria).It is self-evident that English has gradually been taking the role of a common unifying factor in our globalised world. In this view, I envisage a scenario where English may even become the offi cial l anguage o f the E U with the c ontributions & coming, though in varying doses, from all the speakers of the other EU languages.

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Les Allemagnes et la division Est-Ouest : Une ambivalence politique

Études internationales ◽

10.7202/701883ar ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 547-559

Author(s):

Paul Létourneau

Keyword(s):

International Organizations ◽

Special Functions ◽

States Of Affairs ◽

Concrete Case ◽

Long Run ◽

Official Policy ◽

The World ◽

Definition Of

This article is about the role of international bureaucracies in the determination of the general policies of international organizations. In this paper it is argued that in general international organizations' Secretariats generally do wield, considerable power over the definition of the institutions' strategies, i.e. those activities, priorities and projects which taken together make up the program of the institution for a given period. Indeed, the international bureaucrats exercise tremendous control over the content of the program. This is so because international organizations have special functions in the world System. They must see to it that, certain states of affairs prevail in the world over the long run. It is, therefore, no surprise that the programs' content be more or less shielded from conjonctural fluctuations. The article then proceeds to test these hypotheses on a concrete case: the analysis of the processus through which Unesco's program goes before becoming the official policy of the organization.

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A storage process by semi-Markov input

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.2307/1426402 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 830-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lajos Takács

Keyword(s):

Recurrence Formula ◽

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Discrete Random Variable ◽

Storage Process ◽

Markov Sequence ◽

Discrete Random Variables ◽

Matrix Factorisation

A sequence of random variables η0, η1, …, ηn, … is defined by the recurrence formula ηn = max (ηn–1 + ξn, 0) where η0 is a discrete random variable taking on non-negative integers only and ξ1, ξ2, … ξn, … is a semi-Markov sequence of discrete random variables taking on integers only. Define Δ as the smallest n = 1, 2, … for which ηn = 0. The random variable ηn can be interpreted as the content of a dam at time t = n(n = 0, 1, 2, …) and Δ as the time of first emptiness. This paper deals with the determination of the distributions of ηn and Δ by using the method of matrix factorisation.

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DETERMINATION OF VARIANCE OF TIME TO RECRUITMENT WITH INTER-DECISION TIME AS GEOMETRIC PROCESS WHEN THE THRESHOLD HAS THREE COMPONENTS

YMER Digital ◽

10.37896/ymer20.11/19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (11) ◽

pp. 222-229

Author(s):

A DEVI ◽

◽

B SATHISH KUMAR ◽

Keyword(s):

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Decision Time ◽

Breakdown Threshold ◽

Geometric Process ◽

Exponential Random Variables ◽

Manpower System ◽

Three Components ◽

Independent And Identically Distributed

In this paper, the problem of time to recruitment is analyzed for a single grade manpower system using an univariate CUM policy of recruitment. Assuming policy decisions and exits occur at different epochs, wastage of manpower due to exits form a sequence of independent and identically distributed exponential random variables, the inter-decision times form a geometric process and inter-exist time form an independent and identically distributed random variable. The breakdown threshold for the cumulative wastage of manpower in the system has three components which are independent exponential random variables. Employing a different probabilistic analysis, analytical results in closed form for system characteristics are derived

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A storage process by semi-Markov input

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.1017/s0001867800041033 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 7 (04) ◽

pp. 830-844

Author(s):

Lajos Takács

Keyword(s):

Recurrence Formula ◽

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Discrete Random Variable ◽

Storage Process ◽

Markov Sequence ◽

Discrete Random Variables ◽

Matrix Factorisation

A sequence of random variables η 0, η 1, …, ηn , … is defined by the recurrence formula ηn = max (η n–1 + ξn , 0) where η 0 is a discrete random variable taking on non-negative integers only and ξ 1, ξ 2, … ξn , … is a semi-Markov sequence of discrete random variables taking on integers only. Define Δ as the smallest n = 1, 2, … for which ηn = 0. The random variable ηn can be interpreted as the content of a dam at time t = n(n = 0, 1, 2, …) and Δ as the time of first emptiness. This paper deals with the determination of the distributions of ηn and Δ by using the method of matrix factorisation.

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Random packing of an interval. II

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.2307/1426956 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 591-602

Author(s):

David Mannion

Keyword(s):

Fine Particles ◽

Random Variables ◽

Random Variable ◽

Difficult Problem ◽

Random Packing ◽

Point Of View ◽

Initial Size ◽

Moderate Size ◽

The Individual

We showed in [2] that if an object of initial size x (x large) is subjected to a succession of random partitions, then the object is decomposed into a large number of terminal cells, each of relatively small size, where if Z(x, B) denotes the number of such cells whose sizes are points in the set B, then there exists c, (0 < ≦ 1), such that Z(x, B)x−c converges in probability, as x → ∞, to a random variable W. We show here that if a parent object of size x produces k offspring of sizes y1, y2, ···, yk and if for each k x - y1 - y2 - ··· - yk (the ‘waste’ or the ‘cover’, depending on the point of view) is relatively small, then for each n the nth cumulant, Ψn (x, B), of Z(x, B) satisfies Ψn (x, B)x-c → κn (B), as x → ∞, for some κn(B). Thus, writing N = xc, Z(x, B) has approximately the same distribution as the sum of N independent and identically distributed random variables (The determination of the distribution of the individual appears to be a difficult problem.) The theory also applies when an object of moderate size is broken down into very fine particles or granules.

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Role of Energy in Economic Growth of Pakistan (1972-2015)

Global Social Sciences Review ◽

10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-ii).21 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol IV (II) ◽

pp. 158-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sher Ali ◽

Fazle Wahid ◽

Abid Ali

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Estimation Technique ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run

This paper highlights the importance of energy in the determination of growth for economy of Pakistan. This study has been taken for the period of 1972-2015. Along with energy consumption some other important variables are also put into investigation. The Johansson co-integration estimation technique has been used to estimate the required impact. The results show that energy consumption contributed positively and significantly to long run economic growth. While the said impact is statistically insignificant in the short run, the study suggested on the basis of results that energy sources should be explored to boost which may possible to satisfy the energy need of the country and to get guaranteed economic growth in the long run. Therefore, Government should pay special attention toward the country’s energy sector to stabilize the economy which assures prosperity in the country.

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The Role Of Activity-Base Costing In The Development Of Segmented Financial Statements: An Examination

Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) ◽

10.19030/jber.v8i2.675 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

George O. Gamble ◽

John E. Simms

Keyword(s):

Financial Reporting ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Activity Based Costing ◽

Font Size ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Reporting Scheme ◽

Reporting Practices ◽

Recent Financial Crisis ◽

Gains And Losses

The recent financial crisis has brought into question a number of the qualities and characteristics of current financial reporting practices. One of the areas in question is that of reporting segmental information in relation to “paper” gains and losses. In this paper, Activity is divided between economic and financial activities. We bring to the fore some of the historical sources of the principles on which segmental reporting is based, and then propose an alternative reporting scheme along the lines of activity-based costing. The advantages and shortcomings of the proposed system are examined and the implications of the use of the system are discussed.

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