scholarly journals Canine and Feline Dirofilariasis Currently Spreads in Indonesia Damaging Pulmonary Arteries and Lungs: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-829
Author(s):  
Marissa Divia Dayanti ◽  
I Wayan Batan ◽  
Aloysiana Margaretha ◽  
Kevin Tri Tama
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Heartworm Infection

Dirofilariasis, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, mostly known as heartworm disease, is an important mosquito-borne nematode zoonosis that naturally infects canids and other species such as cats, ferrets, and humans. There have been reports of heartworm infection from many countries in worldwide. Researchers have reported D. immitis is widely distributed in Southeast Asia because this parasitic zoonosis disease lives in temperate, tropical, and subtropical areas and can be found in colder regions. Therefore, the authors intended to provide an overview of Dirofilariasis cases in Indonesia from a global perspective. The published articles of dirofilariasis were collected and retrieved by an electronic literature search of three databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The literature presented is intended to enhance our current understanding of the overview of D. immitis infection and its prevalence in Indonesia from a global perspective. D. immitis infection can cause caval syndrome in dogs as well as a cardiopulmonary syndrome known as Heartworm-Associated Respiratory Diseases (HARD), which can become fatal as the number of worms infecting the host increases. Whereas in cats, although the number of worms in the host are very few (one to six worms) they can cause pathological changes in the pulmonary arteries which result in a more serious infection than in dogs and endanger life.

scholarly journals Dirofilaria immitis in wolves recolonizing northern Italy: are wolves competent hosts?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Moroni ◽  
Luca Rossi ◽  
Pier Giuseppe Meneguz ◽  
Riccardo Orusa ◽  
Simona Zoppi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Heartworm Infection ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Right ◽  
Return Process

Abstract Background Wild carnivores such as the grey wolf (Canis lupus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackal (Canis aureus) are recognized hosts of Dirofilaria immitis. However, few studies have focused on their actual role in the epidemiology of heartworm infection. This study describes the prevalence and distribution of D. immitis in wolves in a heartworm-endemic area in northern Italy where wolves have recently returned after long-time eradication, and investigates the fertility status of the collected adult nematodes. Methods In the frame of a long-term wolf monitoring programme in northwestern Italy, 210 wolf carcasses from four provinces were inspected for the presence of filarioid nematodes in the right heart and pulmonary arteries. Female heartworms were measured, and their uterine content analyzed according to a previously described “embryogram” technique. Results Three wolves, all originating from a single province (Alessandria), were positive for D. immitis (1.42%, 95% CI: 0.48–4.11%, in the whole study area; 13.6%, 95% CI: 4.7–33.3%, limited to the single province from which infected wolves originated). Mean intensity was 5 worms (range: 3–7) and the female worms measured 21–28 cm in length. Six out of 9 female worms harbored uterine microfilariae: 5 were classified as gravid; 1 showed a “discontinuous gradient”; and 3 were non-gravid. Conclusions The present data show that heartworm infection is already prevalent in wolves that have recolonized the known heartworm-endemic area. Based on “embryogram” results, wolves were shown suitable heartworm hosts. Interestingly, investigated wolves appeared similarly exposed to heartworm infection as sympatric unprotected dogs (owned dogs that have never received any heartworm prevention treatment) sampled at the beginning of the wolf return process.

Attraction of mosquitoes to domestic cats in a heartworm enzootic region

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana AM Gomes ◽  
Maria Lucia Serrão ◽  
Rosemere Duarte ◽  
Alexandre Bendas ◽  
Norma Labarthe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Heartworm Infection ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Genus Identification ◽  
Blood Meal Identification

Heartworm disease is caused by a mosquito-borne parasite that can affect many different mammalian species and has worldwide distribution. The agent, Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy 1856), infect mainly dogs but feline infection have been frequently reported in the last decade. Feline heartworm infection is difficult to detect, therefore, low reported prevalence could reflect true low prevalence or poor diagnostic efficiency. As mosquitoes are known to be attracted differently by different mammalian species, mosquitoes were collected from both a cattery and a contiguous home located in a canine heartworm enzootic area in Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For 14 months, mosquitoes were collected weekly for genus identification, speciation when possible, and for individual blood meal identification. Culex species mosquitoes were the most captured and those most frequently found with feline blood meal, followed by Aedes species that, although captured in lower numbers, also fed on feline blood. While Culex species mosquitoes have been reported as potential secondary heartworm vectors for dogs and primary vectors for cats, the present results suggest that Aedes species mosquitoes may also be involved in feline heartworm transmission in a larger proportion than previously thought.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis nematodes (Nematoda, Onchocercidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-648
Author(s):  
D. Kryvoruchenko ◽  
Y. Prykhodko ◽  
O. Mazannyі ◽  
O. Titarenko ◽  
I. Reva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right

Heartworm disease is a widespread anthropozoonotic disease of carnivorous animals, as well as humans. It is caused by nematodes belonging to the suborder Filariata, family Onchocercidae, genus Dirofilaria. There are about 26 species of heartworms in nature, the most common and pathogenic species in dogs and cats in most countries is Dirofilaria immitis Leidy, 1856. Mature helminths parasitize in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, large veins of animals and cause heart and vascular disorders, and death. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the features of morphological and metric structure of adult nematodes of D. immitis isolated from the heart of dogs. Morphological studies have shown that in males the most characteristic differential features are the presence of two unequal spicules, specifically positioned relative to each other, as well as well-defined preanal and less pronounced adanal and postanal papillae. In female heartworms, the characteristic morphological features are the shape and location of the vulva. There is a difference in the structure of the esophagus in males and females. In females, the anterior and posterior parts of the esophagus are well expressed, with enlargements, in males these divisions are not pronounced. To increase the efficiency of species identification of D. immitis nematodes, it is proposed to use metric parameters that characterize the overall body size, body and width of esophagus in different areas, length of esophagus, and the location of the nerve ring. In males, 11 indicators are also suggested that characterize the size of the spicules and the location of the cloaca. In females, seven additional parameters are pointed out that characterize the location of the vulva, anus and body width in these areas. The obtained data expand the already existing data on the peculiarities of the morphological structure of parasitic nematodes of the species D. immitis and their identification.

A serological study of Dirofilaria immitis in feral cats in Grenada, West Indies

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fernandez ◽  
A. Chikweto ◽  
S. Mofya ◽  
L. Lanum ◽  
P. Flynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Feral Cat ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Heartworm Infection ◽  
Circulating Antigens ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

AbstractA study to determine the seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis was carried out in feral cats in Grenada. Of the 137 feral cats tested for circulating antibodies (IgG; lateral-flow immunoassay) and circulating antigens (Ag; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), 8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–12.5%) were antibody positive and 5.1% (95% CI 1.4–8.8%) were antigen positive. No significant difference between cats aged>1 to 4 years and cats less than 1 year of age was found (P>0.05, χ2). There was also no significant difference (P>0.05, χ2) between male and female cats. Dirofilaria immitis prevalence is relatively high in the feral cat population of Grenada. Evidence of D. immitis infection in feral cats coupled with the endemic nature of heartworm disease in dogs in Grenada leads us to suggest the introduction of heartworm prophylaxis in cats. To the authors' knowledge, this serological evidence of heartworm infection in feral cats in Grenada is the first report from the Caribbean region.

scholarly journals The fatal case of an autochthonous heartworm disease in a dog from a non-endemic region of south-eastern Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Miterpáková ◽  
H. Zborovská ◽  
B. Bielik ◽  
M. Halán
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
The Right

SummaryDuring the past few years, several localities with increasing Dirofilaria immitis occurrences have been identified in Slovakia; particularly in areas regarded as endemic for Dirofilaria repens up until now. In terms of that, dogs with clinically manifested heartworm disease have been referred to the veterinary ambulances more frequently. We report in this study, two autochthonous cases of D. immitisinfections diagnosed in two seven-year-old siblings of Tibetan Mastiff dogs from the Košice region of south-eastern Slovakia. The course of the disease in both dogs were very different. The female dog did not manifest any unusual findings, however the male dog exhibited severe clinical signs of heartworm disease that lead to his death. The subsequent autopsy revealed adult D. immitis worms in the right heart ventricle and pulmonary arteries.

scholarly journals Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Kryda ◽  
Robert H. Six ◽  
Kelly F. Walsh ◽  
Susan J. Holzmer ◽  
Sara Chapin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Combination Product ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Chewable Tablet ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Heartworm Infection ◽  
Lower Mississippi River

Abstract Background Dirofilaria immitis is a filarial parasite of dogs that can cause serious or fatal cardiopulmonary disease. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monthly treatment with moxidectin in a chewable tablet product in combination with sarolaner and pyrantel to prevent heartworm disease in dogs after experimental challenge and in a clinical field study in the USA. Methods In two laboratory studies, dogs (8 per group) that had been inoculated 30 days prior with 50 third-stage D. immitis larvae were randomized to treatment on Day 0 with placebo or combination product, at the minimum dose of 24 µg/kg moxidectin, 2 mg/kg sarolaner and 5 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt). Study 2 also included groups treated with tablets containing moxidectin-alone (24 µg/kg) or sarolaner-alone (2 mg/kg). Efficacy was evaluated ~ 5 months after inoculation by adult heartworm counts at necropsy. In the field study, 410 dogs ≥ 8 weeks-old from 23 USA veterinary clinics were treated for 11 months with either combination product at 24–48 µg/kg moxidectin, 2–4 mg/kg sarolaner and 5–10 mg/kg pyrantel (n = 272) or Heartgard® Plus (ivermectin/pyrantel) at the label recommended dose rate (n = 138). Efficacy was evaluated on Day 330 using antigen and microfilaria testing to assess adult heartworm infection. Results In the laboratory studies, there were no heartworms recovered from any dog treated with the combination product or moxidectin alone and all dogs treated with placebo or sarolaner-alone were infected with 20–44 adult heartworms. In the field study, all dogs treated with the combination product tested negative for heartworm infection on Day 330, whereas two dogs treated with Heartgard® Plus tested positive. The Heartgard® Plus-treated dogs that tested heartworm positive were from the lower Mississippi River Valley region, where heartworm resistance has been confirmed to occur. The combination product was well tolerated in all studies. Conclusions In laboratory studies, no heartworms were recovered from dogs treated with a single dose of the novel combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel. Additionally, in the field study no dog tested positive for adult heartworm infection when dosed with the combination product monthly for 11 months, while two dogs treated with Heartgard® Plus tested positive.

scholarly journals Detection of Dirofilaria immitis using microscopic, serological and molecular techniques among dogs in Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taíssa Angélica Lemos Trancoso ◽  
Nathália da Conceição Lima ◽  
Alynne Silva Barbosa ◽  
Daniela Leles ◽  
Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Canine Heartworm ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Heartworm Infection ◽  
Acanthocheilonema Reconditum ◽  
Cabo Frio

Abstract Heartworm disease is a health problem for dogs and cats, especially in tropical and subtropical coastal regions of the world. Some studies have compared the efficacy of the diagnostic techniques used to detect this parasitosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare parasitological optical microscopy (POM), serological and molecular techniques for diagnosing canine heartworm infection. Samples were collected between July 2015 and April 2016 from 103 dogs in Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil. The wet fresh blood, thick smears, thin smears and modified Knott’s test were used to detect microfilariae. ELISA (Snap™ 4Dx ® IDEXX) was used to detect antigens and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect DNA and enable sequencing for species differentiation and confirmation. 19.4% of samples were positive according to microscopy. Through PCR, 15.5% of the total were positive. Using ELISA, the positivity rate was 29.1%. Occult heartworm infection was detected in 11.6% of the samples. ELISA sensitivity was shown to be higher than PCR or microscopy (P = 0.001). Sequencing of samples confirmed the presence of Dirofilaria immitis and Acanthocheilonema reconditum . ELISA was more effective for serological diagnosis canine heartworm and should be used in clinical and epidemiological studies.

Smooth Muscle Proliferation in Chronically Injured Canine Pulmonary Arteries Is Reduced by a Potent Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor U-53,059

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Schaub ◽  
James C Keith ◽  
Carol A Simmons ◽  
Clarence A Rawlings
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Leukocyte Adhesion ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Endothelial Cell Loss ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Smooth Muscle Proliferation ◽  
Aggregation Inhibitor

Summary Dirofilaria immitis (DI) infection chronically injures canine pulmonary arteries. This injury produces endothelial cell loss, platelet/leukocyte adhesion, and smooth muscle proliferation. In the present study we assessed the effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, U-53,059, on platelet function, platelet kinetics, coagulation, and smooth muscle proliferation in DI infected dogs.Platelet aggregation to the combination of arachidonic acid/ ADP was significantly inhibited by U-53,059. Coagulation and hematologic parameters were not effected by either DI infection or U-53,059 treatment. Platelet survival and the number of platelet dense granules were reduced in DI infection. Quantification of the lesions demonstrated that U-53,059 reduced both severity and density compared to non-treated dogs. U-53,059 is a potent and effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation which modifies smooth muscle proliferation produced by chronic vascular injury.

Psychiatric Manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome in Adolescents: A Case Report and Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Vyas Shirk ◽  
Sarah D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Connective Tissue Disorders ◽  
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Manifestations ◽  
Danlos Syndrome

Background: Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDS) comprise a group of heterogeneous hereditary connective tissue disorders [1, 2]. Psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia, schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, personality disorder, eating disorders, substance misuse and interpersonal issues have been reported in the literature to be associated with EDS [1-3]. Objectives: The case of a 15-year -old male who was hospitalized after a suicide attempt by gunshot was discovered to have symptoms suggestive of EDS is presented in this paper along with the results of a literature search of psychiatric manifestations of EDS in children and adolescents. Methods: Literature review was conducted on the UpToDate website on March 11, 2020 to review symptoms of EhlersDanlos Syndrome for the purpose of preliminary diagnosis of this patient. Additional literature search was conducted on PubMed on 4/2/20 at 12:10 P.M. and on 4/9/20 at 10:51 P.M. and on the search engine Google on 4/2/20 at 12:25 P.M. On May 11, 2020 at 2 P.M., another web search was conducted with review of 6 different websites pertaining to EhlersDanlos Syndrome. Results: A systematic review of psychiatric manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes revealed a strong incidence of psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: Our patient’s psychiatric symptoms of depression, suicidal ideations, anxiety and social and educational struggles may have been at least partially due to chronic pain- abdominal, headache and musculoskeletal, and social ostracization associated with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Education regarding this illness helped our patient’s recovery as he came to understand why he was so “odd” and the cause of his multisystemic chronic pain.

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