Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on South Kalimantan Serpentine Soil

Serpentine soil contains highly heavy metals, such as manganese, chromium, cobalt, and nickel,which could bean inappropriate growthmediaofmostplants. Someplants thatfound able to grow optimally on South Kalimantan serpentine soil have been known to do association with ectomycorrhizal fungi. This research aimed to obtain and characterize mushrooms assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi indigenous South Kalimantan serpentine soil. This study used field exploration of fungal fruiting bodies and identified the genus based on morphological characters of fruiting bodies such as shape, size, and ornamentation, which are unique for the genus identification, then compared the characteristics on mushroomexpert.com. The mushrooms were also confirmed of genera assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi based on mycorrhizas.info. Seven fruiting bodies were obtained and classified as Cantharellus (Ct), Chlorophyllum (Ch1 and Ch2), Lycoperdon (Ly), Ramaria (Rm1 and Rm2), and Thelephora (Tp). The results showed that all of those fruiting bodies belong to Basidiomycetes. There were 4 genera of Cantharellus, Lycoperdon, Ramaria, and Thelephora, assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi. But Chlorophyllum genus was never reported as ectomycorrhizal fungus

Virulence Factor Genes Incidence among Enterococci from Sewage Sludge in Eastern Slovakia following Safety Aspect

The sewage sludges represent a potential health hazard because of the quantity of different microbiota detected in sewages. Among microbiota detected in sewages, also belong representatives of the phylum Firmicutes. In the past, environmental enterococci in addition to coliforms were widely used as indicators of faecal contamination. Regarding the enterococcal strains as potential pathogenic bacteria, their pathogenicity is mainly caused by production of virulence factors. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyse incidence of virulence factors in enterococci from cows' dung water. Species identification of 24 enterococci using MALDI-TOF MS system allotted 23 strains to the species Enterococcus faecium with highly probable species identification and E. faecalis EEV20 with a score value meaning secure genus identification/probable species identification. Enterococci were absent of cytolysin A gene, hyaluronidase gene, and element IS gene. It can be concluded that they are not invasive which is very important from safety aspect. The most frequently detected gene was adhesin E. faecium (efaAfm, in 22 E. faecium strains and in one E. faecalis). Adhesin efaAfs gene was detected in E. faecalis EEV20 and in two E. faecium. GelE gene was present in three strains. E. faecium EF/EC31 was absent of virulence factor genes.

DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA IN SEDIMENT FROM MANGROVE AND BEKANTAN CONSERVATION AREA (KKMB) IN TARAKAN CITY

Bacteria in sediment plays an important role in various biochemical processes in the waters area, for instance degradation of organic matter, biogeochemical cycle, controlling ammonium, nitrates and nitrites concentration, food source for fauna, primary production, and pollution remediation. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of bacteria (Genus) in sediment on the Mangrove and Bekantan Conservation Area (KKMB), Tarakan City. The method used was explorative descriptive method with genus identification as parametric test. Bacterial identification parameters were tested using Gram-test, main test and further test was carried out at the Laboratory of Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Safety Fishery Products Class II Tarakan. The bacteria found in the sediments on the KKMB were 16 genera i.e. Enterobacteria, Eubacterium, Listeria, Actinobacillus, Bacteriodes, Streptococcus, Plesiomonas, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Bordetella parapertussis, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Neisseria, and the dominant numbers found was Bacillus.

Molecular characterisation ofSalmonellastrains isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea occurred in Paraná State, South of Brazil

SUMMARYA total of 46 strains ofSalmonellaisolated from patients with sporadic diarrhoea or involved in foodborne outbreaks were analysed by PCR for genus identification and serotyping. Subtyping was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple amplification of phage locus typing (MAPLT) for seven variable loci. Bacteria were identified as belonging to serotype Enteritidis (33 strains; 71·7%) or Typhimurium (13 strains; 28·3%). A high similarity coefficient (94·6%) was observed in theSalmonellaEnteritidis group for which were found three related PFGE profiles and only one MAPLT; strains representing profile PA/P1/MI were prevalent (27; 81·8%). TwoSalmonellaTyphimurium isolates were untypeable by PFGE. The remaining 11 strains had eight PFGE and three MAPLT profiles. The discriminatory power of MAPLT was lower than that of PFGE.SalmonellaEnteritidis of clonal nature is predominant in Paraná State, with the most prevalent profile PA/P1/M1 associated with sporadic diarrhoea and with seven of nine reported outbreaks. In conclusion, PFGE shows higher discriminatory power amongSalmonellastrains.

Diagnostic Study on Identification Method of Enterobacteriaceae Directly from Blood Culture

Introduction: The provision of rapid diagnosis results from positive blood cultures is important for clinical management of sepsis. Using conventional method as a reference method in laboratory, time needed for bacterial identification are 24 hours longer because it has to deal with primary isolation step. Objectives: This study investigated the accuracy of direct inoculation technique of bacteria from positive blood culture vials to biochemical test tubes without primary isolation step to identify Enterobacteriaceae, second most common causative agent of sepsis.Methods: The study was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University. This is a diagnostic study. As the study sample, blood cultures in BACTEC bottles from Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Semarang with bacterial growth in it. Inclusion criteria was Gram-negative rod bacteri, staining results from BACTEC blood culture bottles, and as a exclusion criteria, there are more than one colony found on blood agar and Mac Conkey agar and showed positive result in oxidation test. Identification of bacteria based on biochemical table of Enterobacteriaceae. Data were analyzed with a 2x2 table.Results: Thirty two samples included in this study. Ten samples (31%) were excluded. Twenty one from twenty two (95%) study samples accurately identified to the genus level by direct inoculation method.Conclusion: The results showed that the direct inoculation method provides an acceptable genus identification, with a potential saving of 24 hours compared with conventional methods.

Characteristic and susceptibility to enterocins of enterococci in pheasants possessing virulence factor genes

With an increasing number of pheasants as gamebirds being reared each year, these species are becoming a more prominent part of the workload of many veterinary practices. Only limited information can be found concerning the microflora of common pheasants. A significant part of the obligate microflora consists of lactic acid bacteria, including enterococci. In this study, faeces were sampled from 60 pheasants aged 16-17 weeks. Enterococcal counts reached 5.48±1.9 (log10) CFU/g. Strains (17) were taxonomically classified to the genus Enterococcus using the Maldi-Tof identification system; they were allotted to the speciesE. hirae(58.8%),E. faecium(23.5%) andE. faecalis(17.7%) by highly probable species identification or by secure genus identification/probable species identication. Species allocation was also confirmed using conventional biochemical tests. Most strains formed β-hemolysis. Gelatinase active phenotype was found in threeE. faecalisstrains. Enterococci were β-glucuronidase negative, mostly trypsin negative with slight or moderate production of α-chymotrypsin. EH52b and EF42 strains possessed the highest potential for pathogenicity. Average value of lactic acid was 1.78±0.33 mmo/L. Most strains were tetracycline resistant (82.4%). PolyresistantE. faecalisstrains with positive gelatinase phenotype and possessing virulence factor genes confirmed using PCR (gelE, efaAfs,ccf cob, cpd) were sensitive to enterocins (activity 1600-25 600 AU/mL).