DNA-based screening of Brassica germplasm for sustainable and enhanced crop production

2021 ◽  
pp. 289-318
Author(s):  
Yueqi Zhang ◽  
◽  
Ting Xiang Neik ◽  
Junrey C. Amas ◽  
Aldrin Y. Cantila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Brassica Crop ◽  
Conservation Genetic

The Brassica genus contains many agriculturally important oilseed and vegetable crops. Brassica germplasm, including natural accessions and breeding populations, are maintained globally for sustainable management and enhancement of Brassica crop production which is critical to meet the demands of population growth and challenges of environmental stresses due to global climate change. DNA based markers, such as SNPs, are commonly used to screen large numbers of Brassica germplasm for conservation, genetic mapping and association studies. This chapter focuses on the application of SNP genotyping technologies for conservation of Brassica germplasm, uncovering the genetic basis of various biotic and abiotic stresses and screening for yield related traits and oil quality through marker-trait association studies.

Long-Term Climate Justice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nolt
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Theories Of Justice

Anthropogenic global climate change resulting mainly from the burning of fossil fuels during the historically brief fossil fuel era will displace, sicken, injure, and kill large numbers of people over the coming centuries, perhaps millennia. This is an unprecedented injustice. This chapter aims to articulate the sense which these extremely long-term harms constitute injustice and to show that prominent contemporary theories of justice do not adequately account for that injustice. Distributional theories are largely blind to it because they do not consider harms, and long-term human rights theories falter, both because they posit mutually unfulfillable rights and because they lack a persuasive moral psychology. As remedies, this chapter suggests, first, a long-term consequentialism of rights, perhaps differing little from plain objective welfare consequentialism, and, second, a moral psychology inspired by the Hebraic prophetic tradition and analyzed by John Stuart Mill.

scholarly journals Evaluation of drought-tolerant sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids in autumn and spring planting under semi-arid rainfed conditions

OCL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Rao Muhammad Samran Gul ◽  
Muhammad Sajid ◽  
Saeed Rauf ◽  
Hassan Munir ◽  
Muhammad Shehzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Parental Lines

Global climate change is posing threats for sustainable crop production. Supra-optimal temperature and water stress are among few causes of global climate change which can cause significant damage to yield in various crop species including sunflower. Therefore, a study was initiated to develop new sunflower hybrids which may have higher seed yield and water use efficiency in current scenario of global climate change. Parental inbred lines were selected on the basis of cell membrane injury and cuticular waxes; these parental lines were used to develop various cross combinations. These cross combinations were evaluated at two locations and seasons. Some newly developed hybrids (H7, H8, H9) showed lesser days to flowering, high water use efficiency, high or comparable yield, kernel to seed% and oil contents% than high yielding commercial check Hysun.33. Water use efficiency (WUE) showed significant and high correlation with seed yield in both seasons. WUE decreased in spring season when compared with the autumn season due to high evapo-transpirational losses. General combining ability analyses showed that parental lines i.e. C.249 and RH.344 were the best combiners for water use efficiency and seed yield and may be exploited for the commercial development of drought resistant hybrids.

scholarly journals A simple test identifies selection on complex traits in breeding and experimentally-evolved populations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Beissinger ◽  
Jochen Kruppa ◽  
David Cavero ◽  
Ngoc-Thuy Ha ◽  
Malena Erbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

AbstractImportant traits in agricultural, natural, and human populations are increasingly being shown to be under the control of many genes that individually contribute only a small proportion of genetic variation. However, the majority of modern tools in quantitative and population genetics, including genome wide association studies and selection mapping protocols, are designed to identify individual genes with large effects. We have developed an approach to identify traits that have been under selection and are controlled by large numbers of loci. In contrast to existing methods, our technique utilizes additive effects estimates from all available markers, and relates these estimates to allele frequency change over time. Using this information, we generate a composite statistic, denoted Ĝ, which can be used to test for significant evidence of selection on a trait. Our test requires pre- and post-selection genotypic data but only a single time point with phenotypic information. Simulations demonstrate that Ĝ is powerful for identifying selection, particularly in situations where the trait being tested is controlled by many genes, which is precisely the scenario where classical approaches for selection mapping are least powerful. We apply this test to breeding populations of maize and chickens, where we demonstrate the successful identification of selection on traits that are documented to have been under selection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the performance of Czech agriculture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateøina Kašparová ◽  
Roman Svoboda ◽  
Lucie Severová ◽  
Jana Hinke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Eu

Agriculture in the Czech Republic is one of major sectors of the economy, as it provides a substantial share of the basic food requirements of the population. An important part of agricultural companies’ production consists of livestock, especially because of the effective use of crop production as a source of all kinds of animal feed. It is also proven that livestock production plays a significant role in the creation and cultivation of the landscape. Czech agriculture has shown a profit since joining the EU thanks to a significant increase in subsidies. The aim of this paper is to show the impacts of the globalization of the economy and climate change on the economic performance of agricultural companies in the Czech Republic. Serious consequences of global climate change are already evident, and their intensity will grow with the ongoing warming of the planet.

Relay Cropping for Improved Air and Water Quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 186-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Schepers ◽  
Dennis D. Francis ◽  
John F. Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Relay Cropping ◽  
N Management

Abstract Using plants to extract excess nitrate from soil is important in protecting against eutrophication of standing water, hypoxic conditions in lakes and oceans, or elevated nitrate concentrations in domestic water supplies. Global climate change issues have raised new concerns about nitrogen (N) management as it relates to crop production even though there may not be an immediate threat to water quality. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are frequently considered the primary cause of global climate change, but under anaerobic conditions, animals can contribute by expelling methane (CH4) as do soil microbes. In terms of the potential for global climate change, CH4 is ~ 25 times more harmful than CO2. This differential effect is minuscule compared to when nitrous oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere because it is ~ 300 times more harmful than CO2. N2O losses from soil have been positively correlated with residual N (nitrate, NO3 -) concentrations in soil. It stands to reason that phytoremediation via nitrate scavenger crops is one approach to help protect air quality, as well as soil and water quality. Winter wheat was inserted into a seed corn/soybean rotation to utilize soil nitrate and thereby reduce the potential for nitrate leaching and N2O emissions. The net effect of the 2001- 2003 relay cropping sequence was to produce three crops in two years, scavenge 130 kg N/ha from the root zone, produce an extra 2 Mg residue/ha, and increase producer profitability by ~ $ 250/ha.

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