scholarly journals Advances in identifying GM plants: current frame of the detection of transgenic GMOs

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-86
Author(s):  
Yves Bertheau ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Matrix Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Frame ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
The Matrix

Transgenic GMOs were welcomed in the 1990s due to the difficulties distinguishing genetic and epigenetic modifications from random mutagenesis and their ability to insert new nucleic sequences more rapidly but still randomly. Their marketing in Europe has been accompanied by health and environmental risk assessments, specific monitoring and traceability procedures to preserve the free choice of consumers and allow the coexistence of different supply chains. This chapter reviews the regulations, detection techniques, strategies and standards that have been put in place in the European Union since 1996 to ensure the analytical traceability of these GMOs. The capacity of the matrix approach, initially targeted at transgenic GMOs, to trace other types of GMOs is discussed in an accompanying chapter.

How Chemicals Are Regulated in the European Union: A Commentary

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Dan Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
European Union ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hazard Assessments

Professor Ragnar Lofstedt has written a very interesting and thought provoking paper “Risk versus Hazard Assessment – How to Regulate in the 21st Century”. The paper reflects upon the advantages and disadvantages of using risk assessments compared to hazard assessments of chemical compounds. It investigates the debate that has been going on in recent years in Europe between regulators, politicians, NGOs and industry on the subject.This commentary will discuss some of the assumptions that the analysis rests on as well as some of the conclusions that are presented in the paper.First, the commentary will discuss the definition and critique of the “risk assessment” approach that Lofstedt presents. The commentary here concludes that Lofstedt's analysis of risk assessment does not take sufficiently into account the fact that risks can not always be calculated in an exact way because uncertainty rather than certainty is the condition when analysing chemicals.

Legal and political hybridity of the European Union – genetically modified organisms’ case

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Monika Szkarłat
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
The Eu

The European Union can be described as a particular hybrid integration structure that combines features of a state and intergovernmental organisation. Its institutional framework, legal system and division of competences are examples of a supranational organisation or a transnational decision-making system. The decision-making process is an outcome of network interactions between multiple actors, whose relations are non-hierarchically ordered. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) as an example of modern biotechnology application is a highly polarising subject in the EU, as well as globally. Thus, the policy towards GMO is an exemplification of legal and political hybridity of the EU. The analysis of the EU’s legal and political hybridity will be narrowed down to the GM plants case and methodologically organised around the concept of decision-making analysis that is composed of five categories: decision-making situation, actors, decision-making process, decision, implementation of the decision

scholarly journals Advances in identifying GM plants: toward the routine detection of ‘hidden’ and ‘new’ GMOs

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-150
Author(s):  
Yves Bertheau ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Routine Procedure ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Varietal Identification ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
And Control

In 2018 the Court of Justice of the European Union recalled that organisms with genomes modified by artifactual techniques should be considered GMOs under European regulations. GMOs derived from cultures of cells isolated in vitro or from new genomic techniques must therefore be traceable. This chapter reviews the various technical steps and characteristics of those techniques causing genomic and epigenomic scars and signatures. These intentional and unintentional traces, some of which are already used for varietal identification, and are being standardized, can be used to identify these GMOs and differentiate them from natural mutants. The chapter suggests a routine procedure for operators and control laboratories to achieve this without additional costs.

Update of risk assessments of main marine biotoxins in the European Union

Toxicon ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Paredes ◽  
I.M.C.M. Rietjens ◽  
J.M. Vieites ◽  
A.G. Cabado
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Marine Biotoxins

scholarly journals PEELING THE ORANGE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGALITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES REGIME AGAINST CITRUS PRODUCE FROM SOUTH AFRICA

Obiter ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Vinti ◽  
Loyiso Makapela
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
European Union ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Certainty ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures

This article examines the legality of the European Union’s sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regime implemented against citrus produce from South Africa. In essence, South Africa contends that the European Union’s SPS measures lack a technical and scientific basis in violation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. It is clear from the Pest Risk Assessments discussed in this article, in accordance with the requirements of the relevant articles of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, that the likelihood of Citrus Black Spot establishing itself and spreading in the European Union is miniscule. This article concludes that the European Union SPS regime is neither based on sufficient scientific evidence nor scientific certainty; rather, it is based on speculation and conjecture, both of which are never grounds for establishing an appropriate level of protection.

scholarly journals Analysis of gm crops allowed for using in the european union

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tkachenko ◽  
◽  
V. Tsedyk ◽  
V. Kornienko ◽  
V. Ischenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Genetically Modified Soybean ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Tiny Amount ◽  
Food And Feed

The development of biotechnology in the field of GMOs requires states to take specific decisions to regulate the spread of genetically modified crops. In the European Union all GM crops that circulation are subject to mandatory registration, which regulates the placing on the market and circulation of genetically modified raw materials, food and feed. The article presents systematized data about the registration of genetically modified soybean, maize and rapeseed in the European Union. It was established that most of the GM crops have introduced genes that give them tolerance to herbicides of different groups. The register of the European Union currently includes 12 events of soybean (GTS 40-3-2, A2704-12, Mon 89788, MON87705, DP 356043, A5547-127, FG 72, SYHTOH 2, DAS-44406-6, DAS-68416- 4, Mon 87708, BPS-CV127-9), 5 events of maize (MZHG0JG, DAS-40278-9, GA 21, NK 603, T 25), 3 events of rapeseed (GT 73, T45, TOPAS 19/2) with tolerance to herbicides. It has been shown that a significant number of registered GM plants have a combination of several events, including tolerance to herbicides and resistance to certain insects or improving quality features of crops. Among them are one event of soybean (DP305423-1), 9 events of maize (TC 1507, DP 4114-3, MON 87411-9, MON 87427, MON 88017, DAS59122-7, Bt 176, Bt 11, DAS 1507) and one event of rapeseed (MS8xRF3). Many GM crops (one event of soybean and 6 events of maize) have introduced genes that determine the plant's tolerance to insects. Only a tiny amount of GM crops are being with altered consumer or technological qualities. In the register of genetically modified crops, all events of GM crops are currently authorized for usage for food, supplements, feed and other product. А single event of maize (Mon 810), that was allowed for cultivation at the time of this analysis was at the stage of renewal of the permit.

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