PENGARUH PENGARUH BENTUK DAN KONFIGURASI ALUR SEKAT TERHADAP UNJUK KERJA MENARA PENDINGIN (COOLING TOWER)

ROTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hamid Abdul ◽  
Karim Lailul ◽  
Jamroni Mohammad ◽  
Qiram Ikhwanul ◽  
Gatut Rubiono Rubiono
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Valve Opening

The cooling tower is mechanical equipment which used to decrease hot waste water. One of the factors that influence the performance is the filling components. This research is aimed to get the effect of buffle’s shape and configuration due to cooling tower performance. The cooling tower performance is described with range, heat transfer rate, and efficiency. The research is done by an experiment using laboratory scale cooling tower. The shape is varied as circle and triangle with 2-3 and 3-2 in a row configuration. The water flow rate is adjusted with 3 valve opening. Water temperature inlet is varied as 50, 60 and 70oC. The measurements are taken for inlet and outlet water and air temperature for 3 times measurements using K-type thermocouples. The result shows that buffle’s shape and configuration have an effect due to cooling tower performance. Keywords: cooling tower, performance, buffle’s shape, configuration

scholarly journals Pengaruh sudut alur sekat terhadap unjuk kerja menara pendingin (cooling tower)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ardani ◽  
I. Qiram ◽  
Gatut Rubiono
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Transfer Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Water Volume

Cooling tower is an equipment that use to decrease water temperature by extracting heat and emitting it to atmosphere. Cooling tower buffle is an important component that effect water flow. This research is aimed to get the effect of cooling tower buffle due to its performance which are range, heat transfer rate and efficiency. The research is done by experiment. Cooling tower buffle are varied in plot angle which are 5o, 10o, 15o dan 20o. Water volume flow rate are varied as 50, 75, 100 and 125 ml/s. Inlet water tempersatur are varied as 50o, 60o and 70oC. The measurements are done for water and air temperature at inlet and outlet points. The result shows that buffle plot angle has effect due to cooling tower performance.

scholarly journals Pengaruh sudut alur sekat terhadap unjuk kerja menara pendingin (cooling tower)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
A. Ardani ◽  
I. Qiram ◽  
G. Rubiono
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Transfer Rate ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Water Volume

Cooling tower is an equipment that use to decrease water temperature by extracting heat and emitting it to atmosphere. Cooling tower buffle is an important component that effect water flow. This research is aimed to get the effect of cooling tower buffle due to its performance which are range, heat transfer rate and efficiency. The research is done by experiment. Cooling tower buffle are varied in plot angle which are 5o, 10o, 15o dan 20o. Water volume flow rate are varied as 50, 75, 100 and 125 ml/s. Inlet water tempersatur are varied as 50o, 60o and 70oC. The measurements are done for water and air temperature at inlet and outlet points. The result shows that buffle plot angle has effect due to cooling tower performance.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on Improvement of Wet Cooling Tower Efficiency with Diverse Packing Compaction Using ANN-PSO Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Hasan Alimoradi ◽  
Madjid Soltani ◽  
Pooriya Shahali ◽  
Farshad Moradi Kashkooli ◽  
Razieh Larizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Air Flow Rate

In this study, a numerical and empirical scheme for increasing cooling tower performance is developed by combining the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with a neural network and considering the packing’s compaction as an effective factor for higher accuracies. An experimental setup is used to analyze the effects of packing compaction on the performance. The neural network is optimized by the PSO algorithm in order to predict the precise temperature difference, efficiency, and outlet temperature, which are functions of air flow rate, water flow rate, inlet water temperature, inlet air temperature, inlet air relative humidity, and packing compaction. The effects of water flow rate, air flow rate, inlet water temperature, and packing compaction on the performance are examined. A new empirical model for the cooling tower performance and efficiency is also developed. Finally, the optimized performance conditions of the cooling tower are obtained by the presented correlations. The results reveal that cooling tower efficiency is increased by increasing the air flow rate, water flow rate, and packing compaction.

A Method for Calculating the Unsaturated Humid Air Flow Section Length in the Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower Sprinkler Channel

Vestnik MEI ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Vasiliy Ya. Gubarev ◽  
◽  
Aleksey G. Arzamastsev ◽  
Aleksey I. Sharapov ◽  
Yuliya O. Moreva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Section ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Humid Air

In the channels of mechanical-draft cooling tower sprinklers, a saturated air flow section may appear under certain initial conditions, the mass transfer intensity in which is limited by the steam content in the saturated air. For correctly calculating the heat and mass transfer processes in the cooling tower channel, it is necessary to have a method for determining the unsaturated air flow section length. Publications devoted to studying water cooling processes in the channels of mechanical-draft cooling tower sprinklers do not contain an assessment of the unsaturated air flow section length. A method for determining the unsaturated humid air flow section length in the mechanical-draft cooling tower sprinkler channels is proposed, which is based on the well-known criterion equations for calculating the heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients. The effect the initial air parameters have on the unsaturated air section length is studied, and graphic dependences of the unsaturated air section length are drawn up for each of the analyzed parameters. It is shown that the unsaturated humid air flow section length increases with increasing the initial air temperature. It is also found that the unsaturated air flow section length decreases with a growth in the relative air humidity. An increase in the air flow rate with a constant water flow rate leads to an increase in the unsaturated air flow section length. For the considered sprinkler channel, the saturated air region exists at an air temperature of 15°C and below, and for air temperatures above 25°C there is no saturated air flow section. It is shown that the conclusions drawn about the effect the initial air parameters have on the relative change in the unsaturated air flow section length are valid for channels of various shapes and geometric sizes. The proposed methodology and the results obtained can be used in designing mechanical-draft cooling towers and estimating their efficiency.

Estimating Cooling Towers for Power Plant Applications

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector L. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Arithmetic Function ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Cooling Towers ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Basin Area

It has always been difficult to estimate size and cost of well designed counterflow induced-draught cooling towers due to the interrelationship of approach temperature and cooling range associated with each design. Attempts to estimate the cost of a tower by assessing currency per cell, per square foot, per gallon, or currency per other single metric, have never been sufficiently accurate due to the asymptotic nature of the approach temperature versus the tower size arithmetic function. To determine accurate qualitative metrics for cooling tower estimating purposes requires assessing two-variable second-order equations in water-flow-rate/approach-temperature, temperature-range/approach-temperature, wet-bulb-temperature/approach-temperature, and approach-temperature/cost. The design and therefore cost responds to the following variables; 1) Recirculating Water Flow Rate, 2) Inlet Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT), 3) Approach Temperature, and 4) Cooling Tower Range or Heat Duty. With the proper evaluation of these parameters they can be utilized to determine metrics to estimate the following parameters: 1) Number of Cells, 2) Basin Area, 3) Pump Power, 4) Fan Power, and 5) Costs (at today’s prices only). In addition, a percentage breakdown can be calculated for; 1) Structure, 2) Hardware, 3) Mechanical Equipment, 4) Labor, and 5) Miscellaneous items. Although developed for the power industry, the operative model, design, and qualified costing techniques are also valid for large petroleum and chemical process projects, provided the heat duty dissipated, ambient conditions, water quality and flow rate can be accurately predicted. A set of equations are developed which can be used to estimate the significant costs of a proposed cooling tower. Example calculations and data are presented in Annex A.

scholarly journals Effect Of The Water Inlet Temperature And Flow Rate On The Energy And Exergy Performance of A Forced Draft Counter Wet Cooling Tower

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadhil Abdulrazzaq Kareem ◽  
Doaa Zaid Khalaf ◽  
Mustafa J. Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Yasser Abdul Lateef
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Forced Draft ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Cooling towers, wherein water and air are contacted directly with each other, are specialized heat exchangers. These open-topped, tall, cubical or cylindrical shaped are responsible for reducing the temperature of the water that generated from the industrial or HVAC systems. The performance of the forced draft wet cooling tower is investigated experimentally. The performance analysis is based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. The impact of the inlet water temperature and water inlet flow rate is investigated. The inlet water temperature is varied from 28 °C to 42 °C for the water flow rates of (0.03, 0.05 and 0.075 kg/sec). The results reveal that the cooling capacity, cooling range, thermal efficiency and the total exergy destruction increase according to the increase in the inlet water temperature and the water flow rate. The maximum cooling range is found to be 14.8 °C with the maximum thermal efficiency of 74 %. On other hand, the exergy efficiency decreases with the increasing of the inlet water temperature and the water flow rate within a range of 11.9 % to 57.8 %.

Improving the Boiler Efficiency by Optimizing the Combustion Air

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pachaiyappan ◽  
J. Dasa Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Steam Generator ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Air Preheater ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Boiler Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Combustion

Air pre-heater and economizer are heat transfer surfaces in which air temperature and water temperature are raised by transferring heat from other media such as flue gas. Hot air is necessary for rapid combustion in the furnace and also for drying coal in milling plants. So an essential boiler accessory which serves this purpose is air pre-heater. The air pre-heater is not essential for operation of steam generator, but they are used where a study of cost indicates that money can be saved or efficient combustion can be obtained by their use. The decision for its adoption can be made when the financial advantages is weighed against the capital cost of heater. The efficiency of the boiler increases with the increase in the temperature of the combustion air used in the furnace. This is achieved by the increased temperature of the flue gas in the air preheater and economizer zone. This paper deals with the different ways to obtain the maximum heat from the flue gas travelling through the air preheater and the economizer zone to improve the boiler efficiency.

Efficient Replacement of Centrifugal With Absorption Chillers Upgrading the Heat Transfer of the Cooling Tower

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Rogdakis ◽  
V. D. Papaefthimiou
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Double Effect ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Absorption Chiller ◽  
Absorption Chillers ◽  
Cooling Water Flow Rate

Abstract It is a general trend today, the old centrifugal machines to be replaced by new absorption machines. The mass flow rate of the cooling water in the centrifugal machines is normally 30% less than that in the two-stage absorption chiller for the same refrigerating capacity. Some absorption chillers manufacturers have updated and improved the double-effect technology increasing the cooling water temperature difference from the typical value of 5.5°C to 7.4°C and reducing the cooling water flow rate by about 30%. Using such a modern double effect absorption unit to replace a centrifugal chiller the same cooling water circuit can be used and the total cost of the retrofit is minimized. In this case a new flow pattern of the cooling tower is developed, and in this paper the design of a new tower fill is predicted taking into account the new factors characterizing the operating conditions and the required performance of the tower. As an example, the operational curves of a modified cooling tower (1500 KW cooling power) used by a 240 RT double-effect absorption chiller are presented.

Skinfolds and resting heat loss in cold air and water: temperature equivalence

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith ◽  
J. M. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Heat Conductance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Male Subjects

Fourteen male subjects with unweighted mean skinfolds (MSF) of 10.23 mm underwent several 3-h exposures to cold water and air of similar velocities in order to compare by indirect calorimetry the rate of heat loss in water and air. Measurements of heat loss (excluding the head) at each air temperature (Ta = 25, 20, 10 degrees C) and water temperature (Tw = 29–33 degrees C) were used in a linear approximation of overall heat transfer from body core (Tre) to air or water. We found the lower critical air and water temperatures to fall as a negative linear function of MSF. The slope of these lines was not significantly different in air and water with a mean of minus 0.237 degrees C/mm MSF. Overall heat conductance was 3.34 times greater in water. However, this value was not fixed but varied as an inverse curvilinear function of MSF. Thus, equivalent water-air temperatures also varied as a function of MSF. Between limits of 100–250% of resting heat loss the followingrelationships between MSF and equivalent water-air temperatures were found (see article).

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