scholarly journals Miejsca schronienia w górach. Działalność budowlana towarzystw górskich i idealizacja Karpat w czasach nowoczesnych

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 248-261
Author(s):  
Corinne Geering ◽  
Monika Witt
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Mountain Landscapes ◽  
Touristic Development ◽  
Bad Weather

Mountainous regions have long been considered dangerous and difficult to penetrate. Only few people used to enter the widely uninhabited landscape for occupational purposes such as herding cattle, transporting goods, and mapping and surveying the land. At night and in the case of bad weather, these people found refuge at higher altitudes in rudimentary mountain huts. In the nineteenth century, the number of mountain travellers increased rapidly due to the construction of new train lines and other means of transportation, and they set out to spend their leisure time with climbing and hiking. This novel recreational use of mountain landscapes placed higher demands on local facilities and infrastructure. Newly established alpine clubs attended to the construction of new mountain huts from the Alps through the Carpathians to the Caucasus. This article discusses the construction activity of alpine clubs as a process of idealisation that continues to shape mountain landscapes until today. Idealisation was not only achieved by means of written and visual representation, but complementarily by means of infrastructure, and it thus had a strong impact on the local social fabric. Mountain huts played a pioneering role in the touristic development of mountain regions, and in many instances, well equipped guesthouses and hotels were later constructed at the same site. This article analyses the appropriation of mountain landscapes through mountain huts and pays particular attention to the interactions between members of alpine clubs and the local population living in the mountains. The discussion is based on a set of travelogues, guidebooks, and annals by the Tatra Society, the Hungarian Carpathian Society, and the Transylvanian Carpathian Society which were published between the foundation of the first alpine clubs in the Carpathians in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War. By highlighting the role of social background of agents, this article seeks to go beyond the focus in scholarship on nationalist interpretations. Rather, it reveals how landscape architecture attributed new cultural values to mountains in modernity.

scholarly journals Zufluchtsorte in den Bergen: Die Bautätigkeit von Gebirgsvereinen und die Idealisierung der Karpaten in der Moderne

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 229-247
Author(s):  
Corinne Geering
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Mountain Landscapes ◽  
Touristic Development ◽  
Bad Weather

Mountainous regions have long been considered dangerous and difficult to penetrate. Only few people used to enter the widely uninhabited landscape for occupational purposes such as herding cattle, transporting goods, and mapping and surveying the land. At night and in the case of bad weather, these people found refuge at higher altitudes in rudimentary mountain huts. In the nineteenth century, the number of mountain travellers increased rapidly due to the construction of new train lines and other means of transportation, and they set out to spend their leisure time with climbing and hiking. This novel recreational use of mountain landscapes placed higher demands on local facilities and infrastructure. Newly established alpine clubs attended to the construction of new mountain huts from the Alps through the Carpathians to the Caucasus. This article discusses the construction activity of alpine clubs as a process of idealisation that continues to shape mountain landscapes until today.Idealisation was not only achieved by means of written and visual representation, but complementarily by means of infrastructure, and it thus had a strong impact on the local social fabric. Mountain huts played a pioneering role in the touristic development of mountain regions, and in many instances, well equipped guesthouses and hotels were later constructed at the same site. This article analyses the appropriation of mountain landscapes through mountain huts and pays particular attention to the interactions between members of alpine clubs and the local population living in the mountains. The discussion is based on a set of travelogues, guidebooks, and annals by the Tatra Society, the Hungarian Carpathian Society, and the Transylvanian Carpathian Society which were published between the foundation of the first alpine clubs in the Carpathians in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War. By highlighting the role of social background of agents, this article seeks to go beyond the focus in scholarship on nationalist interpretations. Rather, it reveals how landscape architecture attributed new cultural values to mountains in modernity.

Mining, Community, and Environment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Social Archaeology ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
Prehistoric Mining ◽  
Numerous Site

The previous chapters in this book have reviewed the extensive research carried out on prehistoric copper mines in Europe. Numerous site investigations provide detailed information on the geological setting of these mines and the types of ore minerals extracted. The same studies yield important insights into methods of rock extraction, ore beneficiation, and smelting, and the overall organization of those activities. Building on this solid base of information, it is possible to move beyond an understanding of mining as a technological process to an emphasis on the prehistoric communities involved. The technical details and logistics of the mining process continue to be important, but are now considered as part of a socially informed chaîne opératoire of early metal production. Mining in the modern era is regarded as an economic activity; however, there is also a distinctive character to the individuals and communities who engage in that work. This is also true of prehistoric mining, which was undertaken within specific historical contexts that were structured by particular sets of cultural values. It was a highly social activity, involving closely-knit groups of individuals working together towards a common purpose, in situations where they depended on each other for their safety. With no written records, the challenge for researchers is to understand these social dynamics using material correlates available in the archaeological record. As in other areas of prehistory, there are certain limits to the inferences that can be made using this type of evidence. That said, the significance of metal to later prehistoric societies provides a broad indication of the importance of mining as an activity. A concern with the social background of these miners goes back to the earliest research in this field. The gradual move towards a ‘social archaeology’ of early copper mining reflects broader paradigm shifts in modern archaeology, away from culture historical explanations to more interpretative understandings of the material record. While recognizing the dangers of cross-cultural generalization, ethnohistoric studies serve to illustrate the vivid social history of mining communities.

scholarly journals How to value protection from natural hazards – a step-by-step discrete choice approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Olschewski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The People ◽  
Technical Measures ◽  
Choice Approach

Abstract. In mountainous regions, forests play a crucial role in protecting the local population from natural hazards. In cases where existing forests are destroyed, e.g. by wind throws or diseases, the protection function has to be restored through technical measures. To determine the willingness to pay (WTP) for protection against avalanches, a choice experiment has been conducted and different experiment specifications have been tested to determine possible impacts on the results. The present study contributes to a comprehensive assessment of protection measures, and helps to identify efficient solutions based on the judgement of the people potentially endangered by natural hazards. The stepwise approach has the advantage to gradually check data fit, thereby didactically showing an operational way of dealing with different model specifications. The detailed case study can serve as a manual for conducting choice experiments with a similar focus and demonstrates the suitability and caveats of this approach to value protection from natural hazards in general.

scholarly journals A Synopsis of Farmland Abandonment and Its Driving Factors in Nepal

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Chaudhary ◽  
Yukuan Wang ◽  
Amod Mani Dixit ◽  
Narendra Raj Khanal ◽  
Pei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Farmland Abandonment ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Development Processes

Farmland abandonment is considered as an important phenomenon for changing eco-environmental and sociocultural landscapes of mountainous rural landscape. Many studies have analyzed farmland abandonment, its driving factors, geophysical processes and consequences at landscape: however, very few have focused on mountainous developing countries such as in Nepal, which is a rapidly urbanizing country suffering from serious farmland abandonment. Therefore, our study was an attempt to (i) assess the spatiotemporal extent of farmland abandonment in Nepal, (ii) explore driving factors of farmland abandonment, and (iii) discuss on the eco-environmental and sociocultural consequences in Nepal. We reviewed various literature, documents, and national reports to obtain a dataset pertaining to the overall status of farmland use and changes along with political and socioeconomic changes, economic development processes, and policy and governance in Nepal. Our results showed that farmland abandonment is widespread; however, it is more prevalent in the hilly and mountainous regions of Nepal. A total of 9,706,000 ha, accounting for 23.9% of the total cultivated farmland in Nepal, was abandoned during the period of 2001 to 2010. The driving factors included population growth, scattered distribution of settlements, urbanization, socio-economic development, poor access to physical services, and poor implementation of agriculture development policies. Furthermore, the increasing extent of natural disasters, malaria eradication, land reform and resettlement programs, the complex system of land ownership, land fragmentation, political instabilities, and the intensification of trading in agricultural products also acted as drivers of farmland abandonment in Nepal. Farmland abandonment generates negative effects on rural societies eco-environmentally and sociologically. Abandoned plots were subjected to different forms of geomorphic damage (e.g. landslide, debris flows, gully formation, sinkhole development etc.). Farmland landscape fragmented into a group of smaller interspersed patches. Such patches were opened for grassland. Furthermore, farmland abandonment also has effects on the local population and the whole society in terms of the production of goods (e.g., foods, feed, fiber), as well as services provided by the multi-functionality (e.g. sociocultural practices, values and norms) of the agricultural landscape. Therefore, this study plays an important role in planning and implementing eco-environmental management and social development processes in Nepal.

Growth and foreign direct investment absorption across cultural dimensions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1003-1022
Author(s):  
Alfredo A. Romero ◽  
Jeffrey A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Run

PurposeInjections of foreign direct investment (FDI) are often followed by injections of foreign culture which may not be well received among the local population. If this is the case, culture may impede any positive externalities from FDI. On the other hand, if the people of the host country embrace injections of FDI, this may lead to boosts in not only short-run factors of production but also longer-term technological spillovers. We measure what role cultural make-up of a country plays on the effect of FDI on growth in GDP.Design/methodology/approachUsing values system data from the World Values Survey (WVS), and socioeconomic data from the World Bank, we estimate and plot the marginal effect of FDI on growth as a function of a country's values system for a panel of 73 countries over a span of three decades.FindingsWe find that the marginal effect of FDI on growth in GDP differs across varying degrees of cultural values, even after adjusting for level of development. In other words, our analysis indicates that a country's cultural norms do indeed affect foreign investment's impact on economic growth.Originality/valueTo date there is no research that systematically assesses the effect that cultural make-up has on the marginal effect of FDI on growth. We go beyond the use of isolated cultural variables by using data on cultural dimensions that account for most of the observed cultural differences between countries. We believe our findings will work as a launchpad for more novel ways to capture country heterogeneity in growth research.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-09-2019-0549.

scholarly journals Understanding Patterns of Economic Insecurity for Post-Soviet Migrant Women in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Gewinner ◽  
Stefania Salvino
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Life Domains ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Economic Insecurity ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Union Experience

This study deals with meanings of economic insecurity for post-Soviet migrant women in Germany, Italy, and Spain, elaborating on its cultural underpinnings. Drawing upon several data sources, including interviews, observation, and online data, as well as judicial material, this study addresses the ways women from the former Soviet Union experience economic insecurity and which strategies they develop to cope. We consider women's age, social background, and level of education, analyzing their embeddedness into different life domains. We identify four patterns of coping with economic insecurity, linked to individual characteristics, cultural values and legal frame conditions in the countries under investigation, and provide implications for social mobility and conservative backlash in Europe.

scholarly journals Memorialization of the "liberators" in Transcarpathia during the period of preventive Sovietization (1944 – 1946)

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Pavlo Leno
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Regional Centers ◽  
Short Time

In 1944 – 1946, during the preventive Sovietization of Transcarpathian Ukraine, the local communist authorities initiated radical changes in its symbolic landscape in order to influence the collective memory of the population. The result of this policy was the appearance in the region in 1945 of monuments in honor of the Heroes of the Carpathians (soldiers of the Red Army), who died as a result of active hostilities in October 1944. Officially, the perpetuation of the memory of the fallen Red Army soldiers took place as a manifestation of the people's initiative of the local population in gratitude for the liberation from fascism, including from the “centuries-old Hungarian slavery”. However, archival materials and oral historical research prove that this process was an element of the traditional Soviet policy of memory, initiated by the command of the 4th Ukrainian Front. As a result, a number of memorial resolutions of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine were adopted in a short time. As a result, the graves of the Red Army were enlarged, fundraising was organized among the population, and the construction of monuments to the fallen liberators was started and successfully completed in all regional centers of the region. The peculiarity was that the installation of monuments in honor of the Heroes of the Carpathians took place long before the end of the Great Patriotic War / World War II, which was not observed in other territories of the Ukrainian SSR. One of the other paradoxes was that, so, the representatives of the Hungarian minority of the region demonstrated their appreciation for their "liberation from Hungarian domination".

scholarly journals “We, three brothers have always known everything of each other”: A Cross-cultural Study of Sharing Digital Devices and Online Accounts

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Mahdi Nasrullah Al-Ameen ◽  
Huzeyfe Kocabas ◽  
Swapnil Nandy ◽  
Tanjina Tamanna
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single User ◽  
Sharing Behavior ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Although many technologies assume that a device or an account would be used by a single user, prior research has found that this assumption may not hold true in everyday life. Most studies conducted to date focused on sharing a device or account with the members in a household. However, there is a dearth in existing literature to understand the contexts of sharing devices and accounts, which may extend to a wide range of personal, social, and professional settings. Further, people’s sharing behavior could be impacted by their social background. To this end, our paper presents a qualitative study with 59 participants from three different countries: Bangladesh, Turkey, and USA, where we investigated the sharing of digital devices (e.g., computer, mobile phone) and online accounts, in particular, financial and identity accounts (e.g., email, social networking) in various contexts, and with different entities - not limited to the members in a household. Our study reveals users’ perceptions of risks while sharing a device or account, and their access control strategies to protect privacy and security. Based on our analysis, we shed light on the interplay between users’ sharing behavior and their demographics, social background, and cultural values. Taken together, our findings have broad implications that advance the PETS community’s situated understanding of sharing devices and accounts.

scholarly journals Land Management of the Areas of High Landscape Values: An Economic Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-292
Author(s):  
Wiesław Wańkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Local Population ◽  
National Development ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Landscape Values ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Economic Assets

This paper presents selected results of the research entitled Planning the Space of High Landscape Values, Using Digital Land Analysis, with Economic Appraisal, supervised by Dr. Paweł Ozimek, Cracow Technical University, conducted since 2009. Usually, we do not pay attention to surrounding landscapes in our everyday life. However, for the persons who deal with spatial planning, geography, natural environment, or cultural heritage, the validity and value of landscape are the terms which do not have to be defined. The first part of the paper is dedicated to the landscape features that decide about its value. The author discusses whether those features are the same as those we want to protect and how we can appraise landscape values. The next part contains an analysis of the economic bases of development. In reference to space, the analysis and opinion on land use in the context of the development of usable functions are essential. Consequently, the identification of the limitations connected with the protection of landscape and delimitation of the areas on which such limitations exist are required. Another component consists in the determination of the land requirements associated with existential and economic needs of the local population. Such a general balance of needs and requirements is the starting point of the adoption of development policies and action programmes. The programmes should include the location of individual projects and capital investments on land, as well as their proper timing co-ordination. Owing to the complexity of the tasks, the option analysis is the preferred method of search for the best possible solution. The reconciliation of individual land use (title to land), public and business land uses, with the protection of environmental and cultural values, can be difficult or next to impossible to attain. Therefore, we need some mechanisms to compensate the losses occurring in individual interests and in local, regional, or national development. The choice of options for local or regional development is based on balancing the costs and benefits that depend on the sizes of both protected and non-protected areas. In conclusion, the author attempts at answering the questions whether the landscape and landscape values can be saved owing to their economic assets, and what instruments should be implemented to utilize economic mechanisms of protection.

scholarly journals The Use of Reanalyses and Gridded Observations as Weather Input Data for a Hydrological Model: Comparison of Performances of Simulated River Flows Based on the Density of Weather Stations

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles R. C. Essou ◽  
François Brissette ◽  
Philippe Lucas-Picher
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
River Flows ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Rough Approximation ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature ◽  
Station Density ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Precipitation forcing is critical for hydrological modeling as it has a strong impact on the accuracy of simulated river flows. In general, precipitation data used in hydrological modeling are provided by weather stations. However, in regions with sparse weather station coverage, the spatial interpolation of the individual weather stations provides a rough approximation of the real precipitation fields. In such regions, precipitation from interpolated weather stations is generally considered unreliable for hydrological modeling. Precipitation estimates from reanalyses could represent an interesting alternative in regions where the weather station density is low. This article compares the performances of river flows simulated by a watershed model using precipitation and temperature estimates from reanalyses and gridded observations. The comparison was carried out based on the density of surface weather stations for 316 Canadian watersheds located in three climatic regions. Three state-of-the-art atmospheric reanalyses—ERA-Interim, CFSR, and MERRA—and one gridded observations database over Canada—Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)—were used. Results showed that the Nash–Sutcliffe values of simulated river flows using precipitation and temperature data from CFSR and NRCan were generally equivalent regardless of the weather station density. ERA-Interim and MERRA performed significantly better than NRCan for watersheds with weather station densities of less than 1 station per 1000 km2 in the mountainous region. Overall, these results indicate that for hydrological modeling in regions with high spatial variability of precipitation such as mountainous regions, reanalyses perform better than gridded observations when the weather station density is low.

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