scholarly journals „Nasze śląskie Alpy”, a skały „jak ruiny Palmiry czy Persepolis” — albo różne optyki karkonoskich podróżopisarzy

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 343-355
Author(s):  
Jan Pacholski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Miniature Painting ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Albrecht Von Haller

The present article focuses on eighteenth-century German-language descriptions of the Giant Mountains and Izera Mountains included in selected eighteenth-century accounts of trips to the high est mountains of Silesia and Bohemia by travellers from various German-speaking countries. The analysed fragments refer primarily to sites on the Silesian side of these mountain ranges, although the Bohemian part is mentioned in one case. Differing in terms of their countries of origin, the authors of these works — who included Silesians, a German from Bohemia as well as a man from Berlin and a man from Saxony — liked to refer in their accounts to well-known Swiss models, primarily to the poetic works of Albrecht von Haller and scholarly works of Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, comparing the Giant Mountains to the Alps and using in their descriptions of nature metaphors inspired by the famous Swiss authors, whose oeuvres were quite popular across the entire civilised Europe. The present article provides a detailed analysis of the descriptions of the various natural sites and phenomena, in which the authors use the vocabulary of the history of art and culture, comparing, for example, the view of valleys seen from a mountain top to miniature painting, a waterfall to a performance and music, and rock formations to architectural objects and ancient ruins.

scholarly journals John Brown's Description of the Lake at Keswick: New Clues and Clarifications

The Library ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-474
Author(s):  
Christopher Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Lake District ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article reports on the discovery of hitherto undocumented printings of John Brown’s Description of the Lake at Keswick. Brown’s Description has long been recognised as a foundational document in the development of interest in the English Lake District during the eighteenth century. The history of the Description, however, has not been fully documented, and this lack of documentation has led to a number of mistaken assumptions. The present article, therefore, not only updates the bibliographical record, but also clarifies a few inaccuracies in previous discussions of Brown’s account. In the process, the article explains how the early versions of the Description add a new dimension to the reception history of the text and shift our understanding of the way the private circulation of unpublished print informed eighteenth-century appreciations of the Lakes region. The article includes an appendix, which presents a copy of the early printings of Brown’s text.

A REPUBLIC OF CUCKOO CLOCKS: SWITZERLAND AND THE HISTORY OF LIBERTY

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISAAC NAKHIMOVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Black Forest ◽  
Orson Welles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps

The history of Swiss republicanism was memorably summed up by Orson Welles in the classic filmThe Third Man(1949): whereas the tumultuous and tyrannical politics of the Italian Renaissance produced a great cultural flourishing, Welles observed, “In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock.” Suggestive as it may be, Welles's contrast is as misleading as it is memorable. The Swiss were a fearsome military power at the beginning of the sixteenth century, admired by no less a Florentine than Niccolò Machiavelli, but by the eighteenth century they were no longer capable of defending themselves, and they were summarily occupied by the armies of revolutionary France in 1798. The nature of Swiss democracy was long contested, and in 1847 the Swiss fought a civil war over it. Finally, it must be said, cuckoo clocks were invented in the Black Forest region, on the other side of the Alps. As we shall see, the success of the Swiss watchmaking industry does in fact deserve a place in the history of liberty, but Jean-Jacques Rousseau turns out to be a more helpful guide for understanding its significance.

scholarly journals Logic Manuals for Women in the Late Enlightenment Era

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-106
Author(s):  
Alyona М. Kharitonova
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
University Education ◽  
German Language ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
The Status ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Simple Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Substantial Interest ◽  
Independent Branch

In the focus of my attention there are six German-language textbooks in logic published in the second half of the eighteenth century. What distinguishes these books is that they were all written specially for women. While such works were fairly common in France and Italy during this period, they had something of an exotic character in the German-speaking world. Today these works and their authors are generally seen as secondary and marginal. Nevertheless, they may be of substantial interest in the study of the history of the formation of logic, a fundamental and still relevant discipline in university education. What is the status of logic for women? Is it a kind of publishing by-product paraphrasing classical logic textbooks under a new and unusual title or do they represent a new independent branch? To answer these questions I analyse the chosen works on logic and the reviews which they prompted. I demonstrate that logic manuals for women published in Germany in the second half of the eighteenth century constitute one of the numerous varieties of the popular philosophy genre. Simple language, dialogic or epistolary form, practical orientation and eclecticism — all this brings logic within the intellectual reach of any civilised person, providing him/her with an instrument of performing their own mission, i. e. the employment of their reason. The very fact that the content of logic for women is practically no different from the content of classical compendiums was a revolutionary development, a practical implementation of the postulate that logic is universal and can be understood by everyone, a principle formulated earlier in the works of C. Thomasius and C. Wolff.

PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY AND THE SCIENCE OF MAN IN SCOTLAND: ADAM FERGUSON'S RESPONSE TO ROUSSEAU

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAIN MCDANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Roman Republic ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
The State ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
History Of

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Discourse on the Origin and the Foundations of Inequality is now recognized to have played a fundamental role in the shaping of Scottish Enlightenment political thought. Yet despite some excellent studies of Rousseau's influence on Adam Smith, his impact on Smith's contemporary, Adam Ferguson, has not been examined in detail. This article reassesses Rousseau's legacy in eighteenth-century Scotland by focusing on Ferguson's critique of Rousseau in his Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), his History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic (1783), and his lectures and published writings in moral philosophy. Ferguson's differences from Rousseau were more pronounced than is sometimes assumed. Not only did Ferguson offer one of the most substantial eighteenth-century refutations of the Genevan's thinking on sociability, nature, art, and culture, he also provided an alternative to the theoretical history of the state set out in the Discourse on Inequality.

Picturing Art History in Eighteenth-Century Britain

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-113
Author(s):  
Edward Wouk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Art History ◽  
Northern European ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain ◽  
Modern Artists

Rylands English MS 60, compiled for the Spencer family in the eighteenth century, contains 130 printed portraits of early modern artists gathered from diverse sources and mounted in two albums: 76 portraits in the first volume, which is devoted to northern European artists, and 54 in the second volume, containing Italian and French painters. Both albums of this ‘Collection of Engravings of Portraits of Painters’ were initially planned to include a written biography of each artist copied from the few sources available in English at the time, but that part of the project was abandoned. This article relates English MS 60 to shifting practices of picturing art history. It examines the rise of printed artists’ portraits, tracing the divergent histories of the genre south and north of the Alps, and explores how biographical approaches to the history of art were being replaced, in the eighteenth century, by the development of illustrated texts about art.

scholarly journals Les traductions polonaises des Lettres persanes de Montesquieu

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Paweł Matyaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Epistolary Novel ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
History Of

Polish translations of Montesquieu’s Persian Letters The purpose of the present article is to show the history of Polish translations of a famous epistolary novel Persian Letters written in 1721 by Montesquieu. In his work, the author neither introduces linguistic matters of the translations, nor he analyses their correctness; however, he presents strictly historical and cultural aspects of the process of translation. What is more, the article aims at presenting the intentions of Polish translators, the historical context of their work and its importance for a Polish reader. Regardless of the era when they produced their translations, starting as early as the eighteenth century, Polish translators always saw in Montesquieu’s Persian Letters something more than a simple and light epistolary novel of the Regency era.

Хотинский архив Колчак-паши: история, содержание, примеры использования

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Kołodziejczyk ◽  
M.A. Kaczka
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Small Section ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

Abstract In August 1739, Hotin was captured by Russian troops during the war fought by the Ottoman Empire simultaneously against Russia and Austria. The fortress commander, Ilyas Kolchak Pasha, a Muslim convert from Bosnia, was imprisoned in St. Petersburg while the entire provincial archive was transported to Russia. Today it is held in Moscow and contains almost three thousand documents in Ottoman-Turkish and in Polish, while its small section has also been discovered in Chernihiv. Since the eighteenth century, many other Ottoman documents have been incorporated into the so-called Kolchak Pasha archive in Moscow, including documents from Azov and Perekop, from the archives of Ukrainian Cossack hetmans, and even from the archive of Russian tsars, including two original oath-letters (artnames) sent by the Crimean khans in 1634 and 1646. Needless to say, most of the documents origin from Hotin, from the time when the post of its governor was occupied by Kolchak Pasha. The present article traces the history of this collection, its composition, and offers some glimpses into everyday life of the sancak of Hotin in the 1730s. Its final part is devoted to the Polish language section of the archive and to the network of Kolchaks correspondents in Poland-Lithuania, mostly consisting of opponents to August III, brought to the Polish throne in 1733 with the armed support of Russia. Apart from mutually providing information, both sides exchanged gifts and small favors, while Polish nobles sent their wives to go shopping in Ottoman Hotin, thus rendering the border between Christianity and Islam much more transparent than it has often been assumed.Аннотация В августе 1739 г. Хотин был захвачен российскими войсками в ходе войны, которую Османская империя вела одновременно против России и Австрии. Комендант крепости, Ильяс Колчак-паша, обращенный в ислам боснийец, был пленен и отправлен в Санкт-Петербург, в то время как весь провинциальный архив был перевезен в Россию. В настоящее время он находится в Москве и содержит более трех тысяч документов на османско-турецком и польском языках, одновременно небольшая его часть также была обнаружена в Чернигове. Начиная с XVIII в. множество других документов были также включены в состав так называемого архива Колчак-паши в Москве, включая документы из Азова и Перекопа, из архивов украинских казацких гетманов и даже из российских царских архивов, включая шертные грамоты (artname), отправленные крымскими ханами в 1634 и 1646 гг. Излишне говорить, что большинство документов имеют хотинское происхождение в период, когда пост наместника занимал Колчак-паша. Представленная статья обрисовывает историю этой коллекции, ее структуру и дает некоторое представление о повседневной жизни Хотинского санджака в 1730-е гг. ее заключительная часть посвящена польскоязычной секции архива и сети агентов Колчака в Речи Посполитой, в основной состоявшей из противников Августа III, возведенного на польский трон в 1733 г., благодаря вооруженной российской поддержке. Помимо двусторонней поставки информации, обе стороны обменивались подарками и небольшими взаимными услугами. При этом польские дворяне и их жены выезжали за покупками в османский Хотин, делая тем самым границы между христианским и исламским мирами более прозрачной, чем часто принято считать.

Die Charakteristik

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Current State ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century

AbstractThe term ›characteristic‹ (›Charakteristik‹) refers to a genre of essayistic prose that is very close but not equivalent to the biographical short forms, which reaches its peak in the German-speaking countries between Early Romanticism and ›Vormarz‹. By considering ›characteristic‹ as a literary genre with specific features, this paper focuses on its pre- and early history in the Long Eighteenth Century. It starts with an overview of the current state of research, followed by a brief outline of the history of the concept, with special attention to the connections between philosophical and poetological discourses. Particular attention is devoted to the definitions of ›characteristic‹ given in essays and treatises on poetics of the 18

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