Theoretical origins of pension legislation: political and legal doctrines of the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
Anna V. Aleksandrova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Special Role ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Middle Ages

We consider the political and legal doctrines of the Middle Ages, containing the principles and ideas that served as the basis for the pension legislation of European countries and Russia, passed in the following centuries. We reveal the special role of religious doctrines in the development of key approaches to social protection of the elderly and other disabled persons. We substantiate the conclusion that the development of a specific model for the protection of personal data depended on the peculiarities of understanding charity in Orthodoxy, Catholicism or Protestantism. We examine the views of Saint Augustine and Thomas Aquinas on the social function of the state and its role in ensuring the basic needs of the individual. We analyze the doc-trines of the utopian socialists of the 16th–17th centuries (T. Mora, T. Cam-panella, J. Winstanley, E.-G. Morelli), consider their main ideas regarding the provision of the elderly and other disabled persons. We substantiate the ur-gency of referring to the works of medieval philosophers at the present time in connection with the need to search for a new paradigm for the develop-ment of pension legislation. We conclude that the role of the principle of uni-versal equal distribution of the social product is growing in the context of economic constraints and a pandemic.

scholarly journals On the Nomadic Influence on the Artistic Culture of the Cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan in the 6th – Early 13th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
C. Yu. Markova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Work Samples ◽  
Artistic Tradition ◽  
The Middle Ages

The study, the results of which form the basis of this article, is aimed at determining the role of nomadic Turkic peoples in the formation of the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages. Semirechye from 6th to 8th century, in political terms, was under the rule of the nomadic Turks, who formed their state here (Khaganate). The main role in the emergence of the first urban centers belongs, to a greater extent, to the Sogdians who came from the south. At the same time, the significance of the nomadic peoples in the development of urban culture of the region remains unclear. Some researchers are ambiguous about the influence of the policy of Turkic rulers on the urbanization of Semirechye, and also note the difficulty of identifying the nomadic artistic tradition in the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of southeastern and southern parts of Kazakhstan. All this makes research in this area relevant. The article is based on the results of comparing the pictorial monuments left by the inhabitants of the medieval cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan (6th – early 13th centuries), with the epic works of nomadic Turks. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative typological analysis, with the help of which the presence of commonly used motives and plots in different types of art is determined. Methods of description and analogy were used in the analysis of archaeological material. The comparative historical method is necessary to confirm the existence of an epic motive or plot in a certain period using written data. In the course of the work, samples of figured ceramics and fragments of a carved stucco (carving on raw unbaked clay) are considered. General pictorial motives, images, and plots in both types of decorative and applied art, as well as their correspondence in ancient Turkic folklore and written sources are identified. On the basis of a comparative analysis, an interpretation of some images is given, which, in turn, define the ancient Turkic artistic tradition. It is concluded that many motives and images in both types of arts indicate the special role of the nomadic Turks in the formation of a peculiar artistic style in the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages.

Harry Potter e Bestiários: A fênix enquanto representação do “Salvador”

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Dandriel Henrique Da Silva Borges
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Harry Potter ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Fantastic ◽  
The Phoenix ◽  
The Middle Ages

em diferentes tempos: durante o final do Medievo (na cronologia da Europa Ocidental), no entorno do século XII, e na contemporaneidade, retratada pelo universo cinematográfico da saga Harry Potter. Para entender seu papel no medievo serão analisadas versões traduzidas para o inglês de dois bestiários datados do entorno do século XII, Book of Beasts e Aberdeen Bestiary, enquanto sua representação contemporânea será analisada a partir de cenas dos seguintes filmes: Harry Potter e a Câmara Secreta, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix e Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte: Parte 2. A partir do entendimento do papel social das narrativas sobre essa figura no final da Idade Média serão então traçados paralelos com o que fora retratado nos filmes, buscando analisar se houve a reapropriação de suas características e funções.Palavras-chaves: Harry Potter, Bestiários, Book of Beasts e Aberdeen BestiaryAbstractThis paper proposes to make an analysis of how the fantastic figure of the phoenix had been worked at different times: during the end of Middle Ages (in Western European chronology), around the twelfth century, and contemporaneously, portrayed by the cinematographic universe of the Harry Potter saga. In order to understand its role in the Middle Ages, versions translated into English of two bestiaries dated from the twelfth century will be analyzed, Book of Beasts and Aberdeen Bestiary, while their contemporary representation will be analyzed from scenes from the following films: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2. From the understanding of the social role of the narratives about this figure in the late Middle Ages a parallel will be drawn to what was portrayed in the films, seeking to analyze whether there was a reappropriation of its characteristics and functions.Keywords: Harry Potter, Bestiaries, Book of Beasts e Aberdeen Bestiary

Saint Bede the Venerable. Commentary on Revelation, ch. 1-3

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-98
Author(s):  
Мария Равильевна Ненарокова
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
Saint Bede The Venerable ◽  
The Middle Ages

Статья посвящена первому произведению англосаксонского богослова Беды Досточтимого в жанре комментария - «Толкованию на Апокалипсис». «Толкование» Беды рассматривается как литературное произведение, поскольку в Средние века выбор литературной формы определялся его коммуникативной задачей. Даётся краткий обзор исследований и переводов текста, выполненных зарубежными учёными. В статье затрагиваются следующие вопросы: датировка теста, связь текста Беды с античным риторическим наследием, использование аллегории, проблема жанра произведения, роль сквозных образов в «Толковании», деление текста Беды на книги. Исследование текста показало, что Беда воспринимал Откровение как историческое повествование по содержанию и как аллегорию по форме. В комментарии Беды особую роль играют приём «повторения прежде сказанного» и введение сквозных образов. Три книги «Толкования» могут соответствовать делению истории на три эпохи: эпоха Новозаветной Церкви, эпоха пришествия Антихриста и Страшного Суда, эпоха Небесного Града. «Толкование» Беды представляют собой не только объяснения малопонятных мест «Откровения св. ап. Иоанна Богослова», но и первый опыт исторического описания судеб Вселенской Церкви. The article presents «Commentary on Revelation», the first work of the AngloSaxon theologian Beda the Venerable in the genre of commentary. It is regarded as a literary work, since in the Middle Ages the choice of the literary form was determined by its communicative task. A brief overview of studies and translations of the text consists of the works, published since the 50ies of the XXth century. The following issues are touched upon: dating of the test, the connection of Bede’s text with the ancient rhetorical heritage, the use of allegory, the problem of the Commentary’s genre, the role of cross-cutting images, the division of the text into books. The study of the text showed that Bede regarded Revelation as a historical narrative in content, but as an allegory in form. A special role is assigned to recapitulation technique and cross-cutting images. Three books of the Commentary may correspond to the division of history into three eras. Bede’s Commentary is not only an explanation of obscure places of the «Revelation of St. John the Theologian», but also the pioneering experience of a historical description of the fate of the Ecumenical Church.

scholarly journals Social Work in The Greek Schools: A Review of Policy Texts

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 3325-3330
Author(s):  
Georgia Eleni Lempesi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Social Worker ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legislative Framework

Social work is an applied science that finds application in a multitude of fields, health, education, social protection, protection of the elderly, addiction, human rights, etc. Specifically, in the field of education both in America and in European countries, the social worker has an active presence in schools in various forms. This article will analyze the evolution of the role of the social worker in education in Greece through the study of the legislative framework from 1975 to 2018.

The Role of Criticism in the Epistemology of Habermas and Popper

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Death Sentences ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Middle Ages

At the highest altitude, the issue addressed in this paper has to do with the epistemological status of criticism in Western philosophy. What type of knowledge results from criticism and what is the basis on which criticism may be judged as valid or invalid? It is arguable that criticism as a legitimate attitude toward the intellectual and aesthetic products of a society (including the social system itself) did not exist prior to ancient Greek philosophy. The pre-Socratic philosophers were possibly the first to employ criticism in something like the sense that we use this term today. It is not at all clear that traditional societies, including the remnants of traditional societies that exist today, either tolerated or encouraged criticism of their central beliefs, myths and values, and in the middle ages criticism dropped out of sight altogether, virtually until the enlightenment. Some idea of what happened to would-be critics of Christian societies in the middle-ages can be gained by observing some of the Islamic societies today with their enthusiasm for punishing heretics with death sentences.

Coinage and the Tributary Mode of Production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Manzano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Role ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Mode Of Production

This chapter addresses a very simple question: is it possible to frame coinage in the Early Middle Ages? The answer will be certainly yes, but will also acknowledge that we lack considerable amounts of relevant data potentially available through state-of-the-art methodologies. One problem is, though, that many times we do not really know the relevant questions we can pose on coins; another is that we still have not figured out the social role of coinage in the aftermath of the Roman Empire. This chapter shows a number of things that could only be known thanks to the analysis of coins. And as its title suggests it will also include some reflections on greed and generosity.

MARCEL PAGNOL'S THE BAKER'S WIFE, A CINEMATIC CHARIVARI IN POPULAR FRONT FRANCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRETT BOWLES
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
National Union ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Taking an anthropological approach, this article interprets Pagnol's critically acknowledged classic as a reinvention of a carnivalesque ritual practised in France from the late middle ages through the late 1930s, when ethnographers observed its last vestiges. By linking La Femme du boulanger (The baker's wife, 1938) to contemporaneous debates over gender, national decadence, and the definition of French cultural identity, I argue that the film recycles the charivari's long-standing function as a tool of popular protest against social and political practices regarded as detrimental to the welfare of the nation. In the context of the Popular Front, Pagnol's charivari ridiculed divisive partisan politics pitting Left against Right, symbolically purged class conflict from the social body, and created a new form of folklore that served as a focal point for the communitarian ritual of movie-going among the urban working and middle classes. In so doing, the film promoted the ongoing shift in public support away from the Popular Front in favour of a conservative ‘National Union’ government under Prime Minister Edouard Daladier, who in 1938–9 assumed the role of France's newest political patriarch.

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